Perspective: Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity - plausibly linked by latitude, ethnicity, impacts on cytokines, ACE2 and thrombosis.
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
SARS‐CoV‐2 coronavirus infection ranges from asymptomatic through to fatal COVID‐19 characterized by a ‘cytokine storm’ and lung failure and Vitamin D deficiency has been postulated as a determinant of severity.Abstract:
BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection ranges from asymptomatic through to fatal COVID-19 characterized by a 'cytokine storm' and lung failure. Vitamin D deficiency has been postulated as a determinant of severity. OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence relevant to vitamin D and COVID-19. METHODS: Narrative review. RESULTS: Regression modelling shows that more northerly countries in the Northern Hemisphere are currently (May 2020) showing relatively high COVID-19 mortality, with an estimated 4.4% increase in mortality for each 1 degree latitude north of 28 degrees North (P = 0.031) after adjustment for age of population. This supports a role for ultraviolet B acting via vitamin D synthesis. Factors associated with worse COVID-19 prognosis include old age, ethnicity, male sex, obesity, diabetes and hypertension and these also associate with deficiency of vitamin D or its response. Vitamin D deficiency is also linked to severity of childhood respiratory illness. Experimentally, vitamin D increases the ratio of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to ACE, thus increasing angiotensin II hydrolysis and reducing subsequent inflammatory cytokine response to pathogens and lung injury. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial evidence supports a link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 severity but it is all indirect. Community-based placebo-controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation may be difficult. Further evidence could come from study of COVID-19 outcomes in large cohorts with information on prescribing data for vitamin D supplementation or assay of serum unbound 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Meanwhile, vitamin D supplementation should be strongly advised for people likely to be deficient.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Early nutritional supplementation in non-critically ill patients hospitalized for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Rationale and feasibility of a shared pragmatic protocol.
Riccardo Caccialanza,Alessandro Laviano,Federica Lobascio,Elisabetta Montagna,Raffaele Bruno,Serena Ludovisi,Angelo Corsico,Antonio Di Sabatino,Mirko Belliato,Monica Calvi,I Iacona,Giuseppina Grugnetti,Elisa Bonadeo,Alba Muzzi,Emanuele Cereda +14 more
TL;DR: A pragmatic protocol for early nutritional supplementation of non-critically ill patients hospitalized for COVID-19 disease is presented, based on the observation that most patients present at admission with severe inflammation and anorexia leading to a drastic reduction of food intake and that a substantial percentage develops respiratory failure requiring non-invasive ventilation or even continuous positive airway pressure.
Genome-wide association study in 79,366 European-ancestry individuals informs the genetic architecture of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels
Xia Jiang,Xia Jiang,Paul F. O'Reilly,Hugues Aschard,Hugues Aschard,Yi-Hsiang Hsu,Yi-Hsiang Hsu,J. Brent Richards,Josée Dupuis,Josée Dupuis,Erik Ingelsson,Erik Ingelsson,David Karasik,Stefan Pilz,Diane J. Berry,Bryan Kestenbaum,Ju-Sheng Zheng,Jian'an Luan,Eleni Sofianopoulou,Elizabeth A. Streeten,Demetrius Albanes,Pamela L. Lutsey,Lu Yao,Weihong Tang,Michael J. Econs,Henri Wallaschofski,Henry Völzke,Ang Zhou,Chris Power,Mark I. McCarthy,Erin D. Michos,Eric Boerwinkle,Stephanie J. Weinstein,Neal D. Freedman,Wen-Yi Huang,Natasja M. van Schoor,Nathalie van der Velde,Nathalie van der Velde,Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot,Anke W. Enneman,L. Adrienne Cupples,L. Adrienne Cupples,Sarah L. Booth,Ramachandran S. Vasan,Ching-Ti Liu,Yanhua Zhou,Samuli Ripatti,Claes Ohlsson,Liesbeth Vandenput,Mattias Lorentzon,Johan G. Eriksson,M. Kyla Shea,Denise K. Houston,Stephen B. Kritchevsky,Yongmei Liu,Kurt Lohman,Luigi Ferrucci,Munro Peacock,Christian Gieger,Marian Beekman,Eline Slagboom,Joris Deelen,Joris Deelen,Diana van Heemst,Marcus E. Kleber,Winfried März,Winfried März,Winfried März,Ian H. de Boer,Alexis C. Wood,Jerome I. Rotter,Stephen S. Rich,Cassianne Robinson-Cohen,Martin den Heijer,Marjo-Riitta Järvelin,Marjo-Riitta Järvelin,Alana Cavadino,Alana Cavadino,Peter K. Joshi,James F. Wilson,Caroline Hayward,Lars Lind,Karl Michaëlsson,Stella Trompet,M. Carola Zillikens,André G. Uitterlinden,Fernando Rivadeneira,Linda Broer,Lina Zgaga,Harry Campbell,Evropi Theodoratou,Susan M. Farrington,Maria Timofeeva,Malcolm G. Dunlop,Ana M. Valdes,Ana M. Valdes,Emmi Tikkanen,Terho Lehtimäki,Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen,Mika Kähönen,Olli T. Raitakari,Vera Mikkilä,M. Arfan Ikram,Naveed Sattar,J. Wouter Jukema,Nicholas J. Wareham,Claudia Langenberg,Nita G. Forouhi,Thomas E. Gundersen,Kay-Tee Khaw,Adam S. Butterworth,John Danesh,John Danesh,Tim D. Spector,Thomas J. Wang,Elina Hyppönen,Elina Hyppönen,Peter Kraft,Douglas P. Kiel,Douglas P. Kiel +119 more
TL;DR: The SUNLIGHT Consortium GWAS of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations has identified four genome-wide significant loci (GC, NADSYN1/DHCR7, CYP2R1, and CYP24A1) as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19.
TL;DR: The results suggest that a deficiency of vitamin D or selenium may decrease the immune defenses against COVID-19 and cause progression to severe disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical COVID-19 patients.
Ruhul Munshi,Mohammad H. Hussein,Eman A. Toraih,Eman A. Toraih,Rami M. Elshazli,Christina L. Jardak,Nasrin Sultana,Mohanad R. Youssef,Mahmoud Omar,Abdallah S. Attia,Manal S. Fawzy,Manal S. Fawzy,Mary Killackey,Emad Kandil,Juan Duchesne +14 more
TL;DR: This work aims to systematically explore the association of vitamin D serum levels with COVID‐19 severity and prognosis and to explore the role vitamin D has as an immune modulator.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections.
TL;DR: Implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury
Keiji Kuba,Yumiko Imai,Shuan Rao,Hong Gao,Feng Guo,Bin Guan,Yi Huan,Peng Yang,Yanli Zhang,Wei Deng,Linlin Bao,Binlin Zhang,Guang Liu,Zhong Wang,Mark C. Chappell,Yanxin Liu,Dexian Zheng,Andreas Leibbrandt,Teiji Wada,Arthur S. Slutsky,Depei Liu,Chuan Qin,Chengyu Jiang,Josef M. Penninger +23 more
TL;DR: A molecular explanation why SARS-CoV infections cause severe and often lethal lung failure and suggest a rational therapy for SARS and possibly other respiratory disease viruses is provided.
Journal ArticleDOI
COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system.
TL;DR: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects host cells through ACE2 receptors, leading to coronav virus disease (COVID-19)-related pneumonia, while also causing acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure
Yumiko Imai,Keiji Kuba,Shuan Rao,Yi Huan,Feng Guo,Bin Guan,Peng Yang,Renu Sarao,Teiji Wada,Howard Leong-Poi,Michael A. Crackower,Akiyoshi Fukamizu,Chi-chung Hui,Lutz Hein,Stefan Uhlig,Arthur S. Slutsky,Chengyu Jiang,Josef M. Penninger +17 more
TL;DR: It is reported that ACE2 and the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) protect mice from severe acute lung injury induced by acid aspiration or sepsis, pointing to a possible therapy for a syndrome affecting millions of people worldwide every year.
Journal ArticleDOI
Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy.
Corrado Lodigiani,G. Iapichino,Luca Carenzo,Maurizio Cecconi,Paola Ferrazzi,Tim Sebastian,Nils Kucher,Jan-Dirk Studt,Clara Sacco,Alexia Bertuzzi,Maria Teresa Sandri,Stefano Barco +11 more
TL;DR: There is an urgent need to improve specific VTE diagnostic strategies and investigate the efficacy and safety of thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory COVID-19 patients.
Journal ArticleDOI
Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data
Adrian R. Martineau,David A. Jolliffe,Richard Hooper,Lauren Greenberg,John F. Aloia,Peter Bergman,Gal Dubnov-Raz,Susanna Esposito,Davaasambuu Ganmaa,Adit A. Ginde,Emma C Goodall,Cameron C. Grant,Chris Griffiths,Wim Janssens,Ilkka Laaksi,Semira Manaseki-Holland,David T. Mauger,David R. Murdoch,Rachel E. Neale,Judy R. Rees,Steve Simpson,Iwona Stelmach,Geeta Trilok Kumar,Mitsuyoshi Urashima,Carlos A. Camargo +24 more
TL;DR: Vitamin D supplementation was safe and it protected against acute respiratory tract infection overall and patients who were very vitamin D deficient and those not receiving bolus doses experienced the most benefit.
Related Papers (5)
Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data
Adrian R. Martineau,David A. Jolliffe,Richard Hooper,Lauren Greenberg,John F. Aloia,Peter Bergman,Gal Dubnov-Raz,Susanna Esposito,Davaasambuu Ganmaa,Adit A. Ginde,Emma C Goodall,Cameron C. Grant,Chris Griffiths,Wim Janssens,Ilkka Laaksi,Semira Manaseki-Holland,David T. Mauger,David R. Murdoch,Rachel E. Neale,Judy R. Rees,Steve Simpson,Iwona Stelmach,Geeta Trilok Kumar,Mitsuyoshi Urashima,Carlos A. Camargo +24 more