Radiotherapy and the Tumor Stroma: The Importance of Dose and Fractionation
TLDR
This review revise the existing knowledge on the effects that different radiation regimens exert on the different compartments of the tumor microenvironment, and highlight the importance of anti-tumor immunity and other tumor cell extrinsic mechanisms influencing therapeutic responses to high-dose radiation.Abstract:
Ionizing radiation is a non-specific but highly effective way to kill malignant cells. However, tumor recurrence sustained by a minor fraction of surviving tumor cells is a commonplace phenomenon caused by the activation of both cancer cell intrinsic resistance mechanisms, and also extrinsic intermediaries of therapy resistance, represented by non-malignant cells and structural components of the tumor stroma. The improved accuracy offered by advanced radiotherapy (RT)-technology permits reduced volume of healthy tissue in the irradiated field, and has been triggering an increase in the prescription of high-dose oligo-fractionated regimens in the clinics. Given the remarkable clinical success of high-dose RT and the current therapeutic shift occurring in the field, in this review we revise the existing knowledge on the effects that different radiation regimens exert on the different compartments of the tumor microenvironment, and highlight the importance of anti-tumor immunity and other tumor cell extrinsic mechanisms influencing therapeutic responses to high-dose radiation.read more
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Targeting macrophages: therapeutic approaches in cancer.
TL;DR: The state of the art of TAM-targeting strategies is evaluated, focusing on the limitations and potential side effects of the different therapies such as toxicity, rebound effects and compensatory mechanisms.
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Role of Local Radiation Therapy in Cancer Immunotherapy
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress signalling - from basic mechanisms to clinical applications
Aitor Almanza,Antonio Carlesso,Chetan Chintha,Stuart Creedican,Dimitrios Doultsinos,Brian Leuzzi,Andreia Luís,Nicole McCarthy,Luigi Montibeller,Sanket More,Alexandra Papaioannou,Franziska Püschel,Maria Livia Sassano,Josip Skoko,Patrizia Agostinis,Jackie de Belleroche,Leif A. Eriksson,Simone Fulda,Adrienne M. Gorman,Sandra Healy,Andrey V. Kozlov,Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo,Markus Rehm,Eric Chevet,Afshin Samali +24 more
TL;DR: This review provides a synthesis of intracellular ER signalling revolving around proteostasis and the UPR, its impact on other organelles and cellular behaviour, its multifaceted and dynamic response to stress and its role in physiology.
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PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways inhibitors as anticancer agents: Structural and pharmacological perspectives.
TL;DR: This review focuses primarily on the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways as therapeutic targets of anticancer drugs, their specific and dual inhibitors, structure activity relationships (SARs) and inhibitors under clinical trials.
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Immunological Mechanisms Responsible for Radiation-Induced Abscopal Effect.
Maria E. Rodriguez-Ruiz,Claire Vanpouille-Box,Ignacio Melero,Silvia C. Formenti,Sandra Demaria +4 more
TL;DR: The immunological mechanisms that are responsible for the ability of focal radiation to promote antitumor T cell responses that mediate tumor rejection and, in some cases, result in systemic effects are reviewed.
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