The Loss of Species: Mangrove Extinction Risk and Geographic Areas of Global Concern
Beth Polidoro,Kent E. Carpenter,Lorna Collins,Lorna Collins,Norman C. Duke,Aaron M. Ellison,Joanna C. Ellison,Elizabeth J. Farnsworth,Edwino S. Fernando,Kandasamy Kathiresan,Nico Koedam,Suzanne R. Livingstone,Toyohiko Miyagi,Gregg E. Moore,Vien Ngoc Nam,Jin Eong Ong,Jurgenne H. Primavera,Severino G. Salmo,Severino G. Salmo,Jonnell C. Sanciangco,Sukristijono Sukardjo,Yamin Wang,Jean Wan Hong Yong +22 more
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TLDR
Across the globe, mangrove species found primarily in the high intertidal and upstream estuarine zones are the most threatened because they are often the first cleared for development of aquaculture and agriculture.Abstract:
Mangrove species are uniquely adapted to tropical and subtropical coasts, and although relatively low in number of species, mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each year in ecosystem services and support coastal livelihoods worldwide. Globally, mangrove areas are declining rapidly as they are cleared for coastal development and aquaculture and logged for timber and fuel production. Little is known about the effects of mangrove area loss on individual mangrove species and local or regional populations. To address this gap, species-specific information on global distribution, population status, life history traits, and major threats were compiled for each of the 70 known species of mangroves. Each species' probability of extinction was assessed under the Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Eleven of the 70 mangrove species (16%) are at elevated threat of extinction. Particular areas of geographical concern include the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America, where as many as 40% of mangroves species present are threatened with extinction. Across the globe, mangrove species found primarily in the high intertidal and upstream estuarine zones, which often have specific freshwater requirements and patchy distributions, are the most threatened because they are often the first cleared for development of aquaculture and agriculture. The loss of mangrove species will have devastating economic and environmental consequences for coastal communities, especially in those areas with low mangrove diversity and high mangrove area or species loss. Several species at high risk of extinction may disappear well before the next decade if existing protective measures are not enforced.read more
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Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantified whole-ecosystem carbon storage by measuring tree and dead wood biomass, soil carbon content, and soil depth in 25 mangrove forests across a broad area of the Indo-Pacific region.
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Natural climate solutions
Bronson W. Griscom,Bronson W. Griscom,Justin Adams,Peter W. Ellis,Richard A. Houghton,Guy Lomax,Daniela A. Miteva,William H. Schlesinger,David Shoch,Juha Siikamäki,Pete Smith,Peter B. Woodbury,Chris Zganjar,Allen Blackman,João S. Campari,Richard T. Conant,Christopher Delgado,Patricia Elias,Trisha Gopalakrishna,Marisa R. Hamsik,Mario Herrero,Joseph M. Kiesecker,Emily Landis,Lars Laestadius,Lars Laestadius,Sara M. Leavitt,Susan Minnemeyer,Stephen Polasky,Peter Potapov,Francis E. Putz,Jonathan Sanderman,Marcel Silvius,Eva K. Wollenberg,Joseph Fargione +33 more
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The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World’s Vertebrates
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TL;DR: Though the threat of extinction is increasing, overall declines would have been worse in the absence of conservation, and current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups.
Journal ArticleDOI
Carbon Cycling and Storage in Mangrove Forests
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Journal ArticleDOI
Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000–2012
TL;DR: The rapid expansion of rice agriculture in Myanmar, and the sustained conversion of mangroves to oil palm plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia, are identified as additional increasing and under-recognized threats to mangrove ecosystems.
References
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Mangroves as Nurseries: Shrimp Populations in Mangrove and Non-mangrove Habitats
TL;DR: Abundance and size composition of the major species suggest a strong nursery role for the riverine mangrove, limited nursery use of the islandMangrove and a non-nursery use in the tidal flat.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mapping mangrove leaf area index at the species level using IKONOS and LAI-2000 sensors for the Agua Brava Lagoon, Mexican Pacific
TL;DR: Using both IKONOS and in situ LAI-2000 sensor data, a map of estimated LAI, based on NDVI, was created for the Agua Brava Lagoon, Mexican Pacific as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers of Myanmar
Mangrove biodiversity and ecosystem function
Christopher B. Field,Julie G. Osborn,Julie G. Osborn,Laura L. Hoffman,Johanna F. Polsenberg,Johanna F. Polsenberg,David D. Ackerly,Joseph A. Berry,Olle Björkman,Alex Held,Pamela A. Matson,Harold A. Mooney +11 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of species diversity of higher plants in modulating biogeochemical functions (e.g., production, nutrient cycling, ecological functions) on a range of time scales is explored.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rarity and Conservation Planning across Geopolitical Units
Abstract: Conservation planning is usually done within geopolitical units that tend to encompass only part of the geographic range of most species. Consequently, the relative rarity of a species within the study area considered does not necessarily reflect its relative global rarity or its conservation relevance. We investigated the implications of species' rarity in complementary reserve selection across geopolitical boundaries based on data on the distribution of birds in southern Africa. Our results demonstrate that restricted-range species have a disproportionate effect on the number and identity of the cells selected by complementarity. The most extreme situation occurs when species whose ranges occupy single cells impose the selection of those particular sites as irreplaceable cells. Not all restricted-range species are equally important. Some are “apparent rarities” in the study area because they are vagrants, occur very marginally to their range, or have been introduced, and these are mainly irrelevant to conservation planning in a region. Filtering rare nontarget species from the data before reserve selection results in a significant increase in the efficiency of minimum complementary sets. It is particularly recommended for taxa with high mobility, in which vagrancy is more likely. Dividing the study area into geopolitical units has a profound effect on the sites selected by complementarity. It results in loss of overall efficiency, in a tendency for selection of sites at the periphery of the units, and in some species receiving more protection at the edge of their ranges than at the center. Geopolitical coordination in conservation planning may not only result in improved overall efficiency but also a better allocation of resources that improves the long-term robustness of reserve networks.
Resumen: La planeacion de la conservacion generalmente se hace dentro de unidades geopoliticas que tienden a comprender solo parte del rango geografico de la mayoria de especies. En consecuencia, la rareza relativa de una especie dentro del area de estudio considerada no refleja necesariamente la rareza relativa global o su relevancia para la conservacion. Investigamos las implicaciones de la rareza de especies en la seleccion complementaria de reservas a traves de limites geopoliticos con base en datos de la distribucion de aves del sur de Africa. Nuestros resultados demuestran que las especies con distribucion restringida tienen un efecto desproporcionado en el numerly identidad de celdas seleccionadas por complementariedad. La situacion mas extrema ocurre cuando especies cuyos rangos ocupan celdas unicas imponen la seleccion de esos sitios particulares como celdas irreemplazables. No todas las especies de rango restringido son igualmente importantes. Algunas son “rarezas aparentes” en el area de estudio porque son errantes, marginales en su rango o han sido introducidas, y son esencialmente irrelevantes para la planeacion de la conservacion en una region. Filtrar especies raras de los datos antes de la seleccion de reservas resulta en un incremento significativo de la eficiencia del conjunto complementario minimo. Esto se recomienda particularmente para taxones con alta movilidad, mas propensos a ser errantes. Los resultados de dividir el area de estudio en unidades geopoliticas demuestran que tiene un profundo efecto sobre los sitios seleccionados por complementariedad. Resulta en la perdida de eficiencia total, una tendencia para la seleccion de sitios en la periferia de las unidades, y mayor proteccion para algunas especies en el borde de sus rangos que en el centro. La coordinacion geopolitica en la planeacion de la conservacion puede no solo resultar en una mejoria de la eficiencia total, sino tambien en una mejor asignacion de recursos que hace mas robustas las redes de reservas a largo plazo.