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The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals

Reaction of aqueous catechol solutions with minerals

A B S T RA C T: A thick deposit of flint clay in the Permian I llawarra Coal Measures of the southern part of the Sydney Basin, New South Wales, is described. The flint clays which have affinities with those of the Pennsylvanian of North America and with the kaolin coal tonsteins of the Westphalian, are associated with red-brown claystones that contain in addition to hematite, an abundance of a regular mixed layer clay mineral. Pyrophyllite generally forms a minor constituent only of the flint clays but in one part of the deposit it is more abundant than kaolinite. Although there are many puzzling aspects concerning the origin of the deposit, evidence suggests that the kaolinite and the pyrophyllite in the flint clays are detrital.

Pyrophyllite-bea ring flint clay the cambewarra area,

The clay mineralogy of selected fault gouges

Chemical, Thermal and X‐Ray Analysis of Some Clays

X-ray diffraction, differential thermal, chemical analysis and cation exchange data indicate a progressive genesis upon hydrothermal alteration of rhyolitic materials in an extensive fault zone. Kaolinite, a Ca-Mg beidellite, mixed-layer beidellite-hydrous mica and beidellite-vermieulite clay minerals, quartz, cristobalite and feldsp~ r commonly occur in the deposit. Detailed studies show that the sequence of the 2 ." 1 clay mineral alteration is beidellitehydrous mica mixed-layer -+ beidellite-vermiculito mixed-layer --> beideUite. This mineralogical change parallels a progressive decrease in the layer charge and amount of fixed K + present and an increase in exchangeable Ca + and Mg + respectively. I N T R O D U C T I O N Since the ea r ly 1920's, whi te -burn ing ceramic c lay has been mined from deposi ts in an area of the southwest slope of the Castle Mountains near the old H a r t Townsi te and twelve miles eas t of I v a n p a h . Here f low-layered Te r t i a ry rhyol i tes and associated tufts and breccias conta in extens ive zones of hyd ro the rma l a l te ra t ion along s teeply dipping to ver t ica l f ractures (Cleveland, 1957, p.140). The rhyol i tes s t r ike no r thward and d ip 15 ~ to 30 ~ westward. The a l t e ra t ion zones (along lines of pos t volcanic faulting) range f rom a few feet to several hundred feet wide and p r o b a b l y as much as 1000 f t long. Al though the zones are clay-rich, t h e y also conta in res idua of p a r t l y a l te red to re la t ive ly fresh rhyol i te which in mining and processing are commonly mixed and ground wi th the clay as pa r t of the commercia l mater ia l . The P.S. H a r t p rope r ty (Locat ion: sec. 19, T. 14N., 1%. 18E., S.B.M.) has been owned a n d opera ted b y Gladding, McBean & Co. since 1941. I n ear ly operat ions , c lay was removed b y a series of low angle s topes dr iven eas tward into the hillside, beneath a layer of re la t ive ly una l t e red rock. Beginning in 1948, opencut benching has been employed and a quar ry opened para l le l to the hillside. Act ive mining is confined to a few weeks each yea r when claybear ing rock is b las ted from the qua r ry walls and moved to l ayered stockpiles. This mate r ia l is g round and used in the Glendale P l a n t for the p roduc t ion of wall tile. * 2901 Los Feliz Boulevard, Los Angeles 39, California.

The x-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals

Citations

Reaction of aqueous catechol solutions with minerals

Pyrophyllite-bea ring flint clay the cambewarra area,

The clay mineralogy of selected fault gouges

Chemical, Thermal and X‐Ray Analysis of Some Clays

HYDROTHERI%IAL RHYOLITIC ALTERATION THE CASTLE MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA by

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