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Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants – A review

TLDR
In this paper, the influence of alloy chemistry, thermomechanical processing and surface condition on these properties is discussed and various surface modification techniques to achieve superior biocompatibility, higher wear and corrosion resistance.
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This article is published in Progress in Materials Science.The article was published on 2009-05-01. It has received 4113 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biomaterial.

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Citations
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Perspectives on Titanium Science and Technology

TL;DR: In this paper, the complexity and variety of fundamental phenomena in this material system with a focus on phase transformations and mechanical behaviour are discussed. And the challenges that lie ahead in achieving these goals are delineated.
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Metallic implant biomaterials

TL;DR: In this article, the most critical challenges for metallic implant biomaterials are summarized, with emphasis on the most promising approaches and strategies, and the properties that affect biocompatibility and mechanical integrity are discussed in detail.
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Review on titanium and titanium based alloys as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications.

TL;DR: Various attempts to improve upon these properties like different processing routes, surface modifications have been inculcated in the paper to provide an insight into the extent of research and effort that has been put into developing a highly superior titanium orthopaedic implant.
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New Developments of Ti-Based Alloys for Biomedical Applications

TL;DR: Efforts have been made to reveal the latest scenario of bulk and porous Ti-based materials for biomedical applications, emphasizing their current status, future opportunities and obstacles for expanded applications.
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Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine Coating as a Universal Route to Hydroxyapatite Crystallization

TL;DR: A universal biomineralization route, called polydopamine‐assisted hydroxyapatite formation (pHAF), that can be applied to virtually any type and morphology of scaffold materials is demonstrated and can be an innovative foundation for future tissue engineering.
References
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Microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanisms in Ti–Nb–Zr–Ta, Ti–Mo–Zr–Fe and Ti–15Mo biocompatible alloys

TL;DR: In this paper, the microstructural evolution and the strengthening mechanisms in the two quaternary alloys, TNZT (Ti-34Nb-9Zr-8Ta) and TMZF (Ti−13Mo-7Zr−3Fe), and one binary alloy, Ti-15Mo, have been investigated.
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In vivo biocompatibility evaluation of nickel‐titanium shape memory metal alloy: Muscle and perineural tissue responses and encapsule membrane thickness

TL;DR: It is concluded that Nitinol had good in vivo biocompatibility after intramuscular and perineural implantation in rats in the 26-week follow-up and appears to have good potential for clinical use.
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Evaluation of the carcinogenic risks to humans associated with surgical implants and other foreign bodies — a report of an IARC Monographs Programme Meeting

TL;DR: The types of materials considered, their wear and degradation, their cancer epidemiology in both humans and other animals, the published experimental carcinogenicity data and selected data on their toxic, including genotoxic, effects are summarised.
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A histological and histomorphometrical investigation of fluorapatite, magnesiumwhitlockite, and hydroxylapatite plasma-sprayed coatings in goats.

TL;DR: The results demonstrated that FA showed a high amount of bone apposition without signs of degradation or dissolution, and HA showed considerable reduction in thickness and at 12 weeks an adverse tissue reaction, however, at 25 weeks the amount ofBone apposition was significantly increased compared with the 12-week implants.
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Increased viable osteoblast density in the presence of nanophase compared to conventional alumina and titania particles.

TL;DR: Results of a less detrimental effect of nanometer--as compared to conventional-dimensioned particles on the functions of osteoblasts provide additional evidence that nanophase ceramics may become the next generation of bone prosthetic materials with increased efficacy and, thus, deserve further testing.
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