University of Copenhagen

About: University of Copenhagen is a education organization based out in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Medicine. The organization has 57645 authors who have published 149740 publications receiving 5903093 citations. The organization is also known as: Copenhagen University & Københavns Universitet.

Subcellular localization of H2O2 in plants. H2O2 accumulation in papillae and hypersensitive response during the barley—powdery mildew interaction

Abstract: Active oxygen species (AOS) are believed to have important roles in plants in general and in plant—pathogen interactions in particular. They are believed to be involved in signal transduction, cell wall reinforcement, hypersensitive response (HR) and phytoalexin production, and to have direct antimicrobial effects. Since current methods are inadequate for localizing AOS in intact plant tissue, most studies have been conducted using cell suspension culture/elicitors systems. 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) polymerizes instantly and locally as soon as it comes into contact with H2O2 in the presence of peroxidase, and it was found that, by allowing the leaf to take up this substrate, in-vivo and in-situ detection of H2O2 can be made at subcellular levels. This method was successfully used to detect H2O2 in developing papillae and surrounding haloes (cell wall appositions) and whole cells of barley leaves interacting with the powdery mildew fungus. Thus, H2O2 can be detected in the epidermal cell wall subjacent to the primary germ tube from 6 h after inoculation, and subjacent to the appressorium from 15 h. The earliest time point for observation of H2O2 in relation to epidermal cells undergoing HR is 15 h after inoculation, first appearing in the zones of attachment to the mesophyll cells underneath, and eventually in the entire epidermal cell. Furthermore, it was observed that proteins in papillae and HR cells are cross-linked, a process believed to be fuelled by H2O2. This cross-linking reinforces the apposition, presumably assisting the arrest of the pathogen.

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016.

Abstract: Objective:To provide an update to “Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012.”Design:A consensus committee of 55 international experts representing 25 international organizations was convened. Nominal groups were assembled at key international meetings (for

A grid of MARCS model atmospheres for late-type stars. I. Methods and general properties

Abstract: Context. In analyses of stellar spectra and colours, and for the analysis of integrated light from galaxies, a homogeneous grid of model atmospheres of late-type stars and corresponding flux spectra is needed. Aims. We construct an extensive grid of spherically-symmetric models (supplemented with plane-parallel ones for the highest surface gravities), built on up-to-date atomic and molecular data, and make it available for public use. Methods. The most recent version of the MARCS program is used. Results. We present a grid of about 104 model atmospheres for stars with 2500K <= T-eff <= 8000 K, -1 <= log g = log (GM/R-2) <= 5 (cgs) with various masses and radii, -5 <= [Me/H] <= + 1, with [alpha/Fe] = 0.0 and 0.4 and different choices of C and N abundances. This includes "CN-cycled" models with C/N=4.07 (solar), 1.5 and 0.5, C/O ranging from 0.09 to (normally) 5.0 to also represent stars of spectral types R, S and N, and with 1.0 <= xi(t) = 5km s(-1). We also list thermodynamic quantities (T, P-g, P-e, rho, partial pressures of molecules, etc.) and provide them on the World Wide Web, as well as calculated fluxes in approximately 108 000 wavelength points. Underlying assumptions in addition to 1D stratification (spherical or plane-parallel) include hydrostatic equilibrium, mixing-length convection and local thermodynamic equilibrium. We discuss a number of general properties of the models, in particular in relation to the effects of changing abundances, of blanketing, and of sphericity. We illustrate positive and negative feedbacks between sphericity and molecular blanketing. We compare the models with those of other available grids and find excellent agreement with planeparallel models of Castelli & Kurucz (if convection is treated consistently) within the overlapping parameter range. Although there are considerable departures from the spherically-symmetric NextGen models, the agreement with more recent PHOENIX models is gratifying. Conclusions. The models of the grid show considerable regularities, but some interesting departures from general patterns occur for the coolest models due to the molecular opacities. We have tested a number of approximate "rules of thumb" concerning effects of blanketing and sphericity and often found them to be astonishingly accurate. Some interesting new phenomena have been discovered and explored, such as the intricate coupling between blanketing and sphericity, and the strong effects of carbon enhancement on metal-poor models. We give further details of line absorption data for molecules, as well as details of models and comparisons with observations in subsequent papers.

Gut Microbiota in Human Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Differs from Non-Diabetic Adults

Abstract: Background: Recent evidence suggests that there is a link between metabolic diseases and bacterial populations in the gut The aim of this study was to assess the differences between the composition of the intestinal microbiota in humans with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic persons as control Methods and Findings: The study included 36 male adults with a broad range of age and body-mass indices (BMIs), among which 18 subjects were diagnosed with diabetes type 2 The fecal bacterial composition was investigated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and in a subgroup of subjects (N=20) by tag-encoded amplicon pyrosequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene The proportions of phylum Firmicutes and class Clostridia were significantly reduced in the diabetic group compared to the control group (P=003) Furthermore, the ratios of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes as well as the ratios of Bacteroides-Prevotella group to C coccoides-E rectale group correlated positively and significantly with plasma glucose concentration (P=004) but not with BMIs Similarly, class Betaproteobacteria was highly enriched in diabetic compared to non-diabetic persons (P=002) and positively correlated with plasma glucose (P=004) Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that type 2 diabetes in humans is associated with compositional changes in intestinal microbiota The level of glucose tolerance should be considered when linking microbiota with metabolic diseases such as obesity and developing strategies to control metabolic diseases by modifying the gut microbiota

Calculation of pressure fields from arbitrarily shaped, apodized, and excited ultrasound transducers

Abstract: A method for simulation of pulsed pressure fields from arbitrarily shaped, apodized and excited ultrasound transducers is suggested. It relies on the Tupholme-Stepanishen method for calculating pulsed pressure fields, and can also handle the continuous wave and pulse-echo case. The field is calculated by dividing the surface into small rectangles and then Summing their response. A fast calculation is obtained by using the far-field approximation. Examples of the accuracy of the approach and actual calculation times are given. >