Showing papers in "Neuron in 2020"

TL;DR: How the immune system regulates mood and the potential causes of the dysregulated inflammatory responses in depressed patients are described, and inflammation is likely a critical disease modifier, promoting susceptibility to depression.

TL;DR: The GNW hypothesis proposes that, in the conscious state, a non-linear network ignition associated with recurrent processing amplifies and sustains a neural representation, allowing the corresponding information to be globally accessed by local processors.

TL;DR: Combining chronic demyelination paradigms and cell sorting with RNA sequencing and lipidomics, it is found that wild-type microglia acquire a disease-associated transcriptional state, while TREM2-deficientmicroglia remain largely homeostatic, leading to neuronal damage.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of the multifaceted roles of astrocytes in the context of CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration, and explore mechanisms of crosstalk between cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and discuss how these interactions shape pathological outcomes.

TL;DR: 5xFAD shows a proteomic signature similar to symptomatic AD but exhibits activation of autophagy and interferon response and lacks human-specific deleterious events, such as downregulation of neurotrophic factors and synaptic proteins.

TL;DR: Recently developed hypotheses about how SARS-CoV-2 might alter the cells and circuits involved in chemosensory processing and thereby change perception are reviewed and future experiments are proposed to elucidate disease mechanisms.

TL;DR: A non-neuronal form of plasticity that remodels hippocampal-cortical networks following learning and is required for memory consolidation is identified and identified.

TL;DR: It is suggested that low-frequency arteriolar oscillations drive drainage of solutes in paravascular clearance and targeting naturally occurring vasomotion in patients with CAA or AD may be a promising early therapeutic option for prevention of Aβ accumulation in the brain.

TL;DR: It is suggested that transcription factors induced early after peripheral nerve injury confer the cellular plasticity required for sensory neurons to transform into a regenerative state.

TL;DR: It is found that neurons in thalamus and deep cortical layers are most sensitive to changes in consciousness level, consistent across different anesthetic agents and sleep and inform how targeted deep brain stimulation can alleviate disorders of consciousness.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight known loss-of-function mechanisms underlying ALS, potential consequences of lowering levels of gene products, and the need to consider both gain and loss of function to develop safe and effective therapeutic strategies.

TL;DR: It is shown that in freely behaving mice, astrocytes mediate the dopamine- and amphetamine-induced synaptic regulation, revealing a novel cellular pathway in the brain reward system.

TL;DR: This work presents a new family of direct-fit models that use local computations to interpolate over task-relevant manifolds in a high-dimensional parameter space, providing a versatile, robust solution for learning a diverse set of functions.

TL;DR: This work integrated information from extensive literature curation and large-scale experimental surveys into a data-driven, biologically realistic simulation of the awake mouse primary visual cortex, and identified rules governing cell-class-specific connectivity and synaptic strengths.

TL;DR: A mechanism by which a memory trace at one synapse could alter signal handling by multiple neighboring connections is uncovered, found that a classical synaptic memory mechanism, long-term potentiation (LTP), triggers withdrawal of PAPs from potentiated synapses.

TL;DR: It is found that the functional topography of association networks is refined with age, allowing accurate prediction of unseen individuals' brain maturity and suggest advances in personalized therapeutics.

TL;DR: The revelation of somatotopic organization and intensity dependency in driving distinct autonomic pathways could form a road map for optimizing stimulation parameters to improve both efficacy and safety in using acupuncture as a therapeutic modality.

TL;DR: It is shown that a prefrontal-subthalamic hyperdirect pathway is present in humans and mediates rapid stopping, and these findings may inform therapies to treat disorders featuring perturbed movement inhibition.

TL;DR: The motor integration zones were present in every individual and correspond to consistently successful sites of deep brain stimulation (DBS; essential tremor), highlighting the importance of PFM for neurosurgery, neurology, and psychiatry.

TL;DR: This pedagogical Primer introduces artificial neural networks and demonstrates how they have been fruitfully deployed to study neuroscientific questions, and details how to customize the analysis, structure, and learning of ANNs to better address a wide range of challenges in brain research.

TL;DR: It is shown that that the lateral parabrachial nucleus is required for escape behaviors and aversive learning to noxious stimulation and evidence that dynorphin-expressing neurons, which span cytoarchitecturally distinct domains of the lPBN, are required for aversiveLearning.

TL;DR: The state of the art of tissue-clearing methods and light-sheet microscopy is reviewed and applications of these techniques in profiling cells and circuits in mice are discussed, to provide a systems-level understanding of the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system.

TL;DR: The astrocyte reactivity state resulting from UPR over-activation is a distinct pathogenic mechanism that can by itself be effectively targeted for neuroprotection and is alone sufficient to prevent neuronal loss and significantly prolongs survival in mice with prion neurodegeneration.

TL;DR: These findings suggest that InsCtx integrates visceral-sensory signals of current physiological state with hypothalamus-gated amygdala inputs that signal upcoming ingestion of food or water to compute a prediction of future physiological state.

TL;DR: It is found that age had the greatest impact on brain transcriptomes highlighted by an immune module led by Trem2 and Tyrobp, whereas APOE4 was associated with upregulation of multiple Serpina3 genes, and these networks and gene expression changes were mostly conserved in human brains.

TL;DR: The first high-resolution structure of the receptor type found in muscle-endplate membrane and in the muscle-derived electric tissues of fish is presented, providing a framework for understanding gating in ligand-gated channels and how mutations in the acetylcholine receptor cause congenital myasthenic syndromes.

TL;DR: It is shown that speech-related activity is hierarchically organized into two timescales: fast responses (theta: 4-10 Hz), restricted to early auditory regions, and slow responses (delta: 0.5-4 Hz), dominating in downstream auditory regions; and that theta sensory sampling is tuned to maximize expected information gain, while delta encodes only non-redundant information.

TL;DR: Recent development, optimization, and applications of optical approaches to measure the spatial and temporal profiles of NT and NM release in the brain using genetically encoded sensors for in vivo studies are discussed.

TL;DR: It is discussed how visual circuit development leads to precise connectivity and identify synaptic loci, which can be altered by activity or experience, which may underlie aberrant sensory processing in some neurodevelopmental disorders.

TL;DR: It is highlighted how the effect of hearing interventions on dementia depends on the specific mechanism and avenues for work at the molecular, neuronal, and systems levels to pin this down are suggested.