Electrode level Monte Carlo model of radiation damage effects on astronomical CCDs
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In this article, a detailed Monte Carlo model is presented to simulate the operation of a damaged CCD at the pixel electrode level, which allows the reproduction of charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) effects on a variety of measurements for a large signal level range in particular for signals of the order of a few electrons.Abstract:
Current optical space telescopes rely upon silicon charge-coupled devices (CCDs) to detect and image the incoming photons. The performance of a CCD detector depends on its ability to transfer electrons through the silicon efficiently, so that the signal from every pixel may be read out through a single amplifier. This process of electron transfer is highly susceptible to the effects of solar proton damage (or non-ionizing radiation damage). This is because charged particles passing through the CCD displace silicon atoms, introducing energy levels into the semiconductor band gap which act as localized electron traps. The reduction in charge transfer efficiency (CTE) leads to signal loss and image smearing. The European Space Agency’s astrometric Gaia mission will make extensive use of CCDs to create the most complete and accurate stereoscopic map to date of the Milky Way. In the context of the Gaia mission CTE is referred to with the complementary quantity charge transfer inefficiency (CTI = 1-CTE). CTI is an extremely important issue that threatens Gaia’s performances: the CCDs are very large so that the electrons need to be transferred a long way; the focal plane is also very large and difficult to shield; the mission will operate at second Lagrange point where the direct solar protons are highly energetic (penetrating) and the science requirements on image quality are very stringent. In order to tackle this issue, in depth experimental studies and modelling efforts are being conducted to explore the possible consequences and to mitigate the anticipated effects of radiation damage. We present here a detailed Monte Carlo model that has been developed to simulate the operation of a damaged CCD at the pixel electrode level. This model implements a new approach to both the charge density distribution within a pixel and the charge capture and release probabilities, which allows the reproduction of CTI effects on a variety of measurements for a large signal level range in particular for signals of the order of a few electrons.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Gaia Early Data Release 3. The astrometric solution
Lennart Lindegren,Sergei A. Klioner,Jose M Hernandez,Alex Bombrun,M. Ramos-Lerate,H. Steidelmüller,Ulrich Bastian,M. Biermann,A. de Torres,E. Gerlach,R. Geyer,Thomas Hilger,David Hobbs,U. Lammers,Paul J. McMillan,C.A. Stephenson,J. Castañeda,Michael Davidson,C. Fabricius,G. Gracia-Abril,Jordi Portell,Nicholas Rowell,David Teyssier,F. Torra,S. Bartolomé,M. Clotet,N. Garralda,J.J. González-Vidal,J. Torra,U. Abbas,Martin Altmann,Martin Altmann,E. Anglada Varela,L. Balaguer-Núñez,Zoltan Balog,Zoltan Balog,C. Barache,Ugo Becciani,M. Bernet,Stefano Bertone,Stefano Bertone,Stefano Bertone,Luciana Bianchi,S. Bouquillon,Anthony G. A. Brown,Beatrice Bucciarelli,D. Busonero,A. G. Butkevich,R. Buzzi,Rossella Cancelliere,T. Carlucci,Patrick Charlot,Maria-Rosa L. Cioni,Mariateresa Crosta,C. Crowley,E. F. del Peloso,E. del Pozo,Ronald Drimmel,P. Esquej,Agnes Fienga,Agnes Fienga,E. Fraile,Mario Gai,M. Garcia-Reinaldos,Raphael Guerra,Nigel Hambly,M. Hauser,K. Janßen,Stefan Jordan,Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska,Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska,Massimiliano Lattanzi,Massimiliano Lattanzi,S. Liao,E. Licata,Tim Lister,W. Löffler,Jon Marchant,A. Masip,Francois Mignard,Alexey Mints,D. Molina,Alcione Mora,Roberto Morbidelli,C. P. Murphy,C. Pagani,Pasquale Panuzzo,X. Peñalosa Esteller,E. Poggio,P. Re Fiorentin,Alberto Riva,A. Sagristà Sellés,V. Sanchez Gimenez,M. Sarasso,Eva Sciacca,H. I. Siddiqui,Richard L. Smart,D. Souami,D. Souami,Alessandro Spagna,Iain A. Steele,F. Taris,E. Utrilla,W. van Reeven,Alberto Vecchiato +104 more
TL;DR: Gaia Early Data Release 3 (Gaia EDR3) as mentioned in this paper contains results for 1.812 billion sources in the magnitude range G = 3-21 based on observations collected by the European Space Agency Gaia satellite during the first 34 months of its operational phase.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gaia Early Data Release 3: The astrometric solution
Lennart Lindegren,Sergei A. Klioner,Jose M Hernandez,Alex Bombrun,M. Ramos-Lerate,H. Steidelmüller,Ulrich Bastian,M. Biermann,A. de Torres,E. Gerlach,R. Geyer,Thomas Hilger,David Hobbs,U. Lammers,Paul J. McMillan,C.A. Stephenson,J. Castañeda,Michael Davidson,C. Fabricius,G. Gracia-Abril,Jordi Portell,Nicholas Rowell,David Teyssier,F. Torra,S. Bartolomé,M. Clotet,N. Garralda,J.J. González-Vidal,J. Torra,U. Abbas,Martin Altmann,Martin Altmann,E. Anglada Varela,L. Balaguer-Núñez,Zoltan Balog,Zoltan Balog,C. Barache,Ugo Becciani,M. Bernet,Stefano Bertone,Stefano Bertone,Stefano Bertone,Luciana Bianchi,S. Bouquillon,Anthony G. A. Brown,Beatrice Bucciarelli,D. Busonero,A. G. Butkevich,R. Buzzi,Rossella Cancelliere,T. Carlucci,Patrick Charlot,Maria-Rosa L. Cioni,Mariateresa Crosta,C. Crowley,E. F. del Peloso,E. del Pozo,Ronald Drimmel,P. Esquej,Agnes Fienga,Agnes Fienga,E. Fraile,Mario Gai,M. Garcia-Reinaldos,Raphael Guerra,Nigel Hambly,M. Hauser,K. Janßen,Stefan Jordan,Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska,Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska,Massimiliano Lattanzi,Massimiliano Lattanzi,S. Liao,E. Licata,Tim Lister,W. Löffler,Jon Marchant,A. Masip,Francois Mignard,Alexey Mints,D. Molina,Alcione Mora,Roberto Morbidelli,C. P. Murphy,C. Pagani,Pasquale Panuzzo,X. Peñalosa Esteller,E. Poggio,P. Re Fiorentin,Alberto Riva,A. Sagristà Sellés,V. Sanchez Gimenez,M. Sarasso,Eva Sciacca,H. I. Siddiqui,Richard L. Smart,D. Souami,D. Souami,Alessandro Spagna,Iain A. Steele,F. Taris,E. Utrilla,W. van Reeven,Alberto Vecchiato +104 more
TL;DR: Gaia Early Data Release 3 (Gaia EDR3) as discussed by the authors contains results for 1.812 billion sources in the magnitude range G = 3 to 21 based on observations collected by the European Space Agency Gaia satellite during the first 34 months of its operational phase.
Journal ArticleDOI
Science performance of Gaia, ESA's space-astrometry mission
TL;DR: Gaia as discussed by the authors is the next astrometry mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), following up on the success of the Hipparcos mission, with a focal plane containing 106 CCD detectors, which will survey the entire sky and repeatedly observe the brightest 1,000 million objects, down to 20th magnitude, during its 5-year lifetime.
Journal ArticleDOI
Science performance of Gaia, ESA's space-astrometry mission
TL;DR: Gaia as mentioned in this paper is the next mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), following up on the success of the Hipparcos mission, and is the first mission to obtain absolute astrometry, broad-band photometry, and low-resolution spectro-photometry.
Journal ArticleDOI
The astrometric core solution for the Gaia mission. Overview of models, algorithms, and software implementation
TL;DR: The AGIS (Astrometric global iterative solution) as discussed by the authors is a global solution for estimating the position, parallax, and proper motion of a single point-like source.
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