Intrinsic antiviral immunity
Nan Yan,Zhijian J. Chen +1 more
TLDR
This review focuses on recent advances in understanding of the roles of intrinsic antiviral factors that restrict infection by human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus.Abstract:
Intrinsic antiviral immunity refers to a form of innate immunity that directly restricts viral replication and assembly, thereby rendering a cell nonpermissive to a specific class or species of viruses. Intrinsic immunity is conferred by restriction factors that are mostly preexistent in certain cell types, although these factors can be further induced by viral infection. Intrinsic virus-restriction factors recognize specific viral components, but unlike other pattern-recognition receptors that inhibit viral infection indirectly by inducing interferons and other antiviral molecules, intrinsic antiviral factors block viral replication immediately and directly. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding of the roles of intrinsic antiviral factors that restrict infection by human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus.read more
Citations
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Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor that Activates the Type-I Interferon Pathway
TL;DR: Results indicate that cGAS is a cytosolic DNA sensor that induces interferons by producing the second messenger cGAMP, which belongs to the nucleotidyltransferase family.
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Type I interferons in infectious disease.
TL;DR: Experimental models of tuberculosis have demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1 inhibit type I IFN expression and its downstream effects, demonstrating that a cross-regulatory network of cytokines operates during infectious diseases to provide protection with minimum damage to the host.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is an Innate Immune Sensor of HIV and Other Retroviruses
Daxing Gao,Jiaxi Wu,You Tong Wu,Fenghe Du,Chukwuemika Aroh,Nan Yan,Lijun Sun,Zhijian J. Chen +7 more
TL;DR: Results indicate that cGAS is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses, suggesting that the reverse-transcribed HIV DNA triggers the innate immune response.
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Activation and evasion of type I interferon responses by SARS-CoV-2.
Xiaobo Lei,Xiaojing Dong,Ruiyi Ma,Wenjing Wang,Xia Xiao,Zhongqin Tian,Conghui Wang,Ying Wang,Li Li,Lili Ren,Fei Guo,Zhendong Zhao,Zhuo Zhou,Zichun Xiang,Jianwei Wang +14 more
TL;DR: This study shows that Sars-CoV-2 perturbs host innate immune response via both its structural and nonstructural proteins, and thus provides insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-Cov-2.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cytosolic Sensing of Viruses
TL;DR: Recent advances in the molecular understanding of cytosolic nucleic acid detection and its evasion by viruses are detailed.
References
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The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses.
Mitsutoshi Yoneyama,Mika Kikuchi,Takashi Natsukawa,Noriaki Shinobu,Tadaatsu Imaizumi,Makoto Miyagishi,Kazunari Taira,Shizuo Akira,Takashi Fujita +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I), which encodes a DExD/H box RNA helicase that contains a caspase recruitment domain, as an essential regulator for dsRNA-induced signaling.
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Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses
Hiroki Kato,Osamu Takeuchi,Shintaro Sato,Mitsutoshi Yoneyama,Masahiro Yamamoto,Kosuke Matsui,Satoshi Uematsu,Andreas Jung,Taro Kawai,Ken Ishii,Osamu Yamaguchi,Kinya Otsu,Tohru Tsujimura,Chang-Sung Koh,Caetano Reis e Sousa,Yoshiharu Matsuura,Takashi Fujita,Shizuo Akira +17 more
TL;DR: It is found that RIG-I is essential for the production of interferons in response to RNA viruses including paramyxoviruses, influenza virus and Japanese encephalitis virus, whereas MDA5 is critical for picornavirus detection.
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A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants.
TL;DR: The 25-nucleotide antisense RNA detected in transgene-induced PTGS is likely synthesized from an RNA template and may represent the specificity determinant of PTGS.
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Toll-like Receptors and Their Crosstalk with Other Innate Receptors in Infection and Immunity
Taro Kawai,Shizuo Akira +1 more
TL;DR: The role played by TLRs in mounting protective immune responses against infection and their crosstalk with other PRRs with respect to pathogen recognition is focused on.
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RNAi: Double-Stranded RNA Directs the ATP-Dependent Cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 Nucleotide Intervals
TL;DR: It is found that RNAi is ATP dependent yet uncoupled from mRNA translation, suggesting that the 21-23 nucleotide fragments from the dsRNA are guiding mRNA cleavage.