Muramyl dipeptide and its derivatives: peptide adjuvant in immunological disorders and cancer therapy.
TLDR
The structural modifications of MDP and its derivatives have been extensively studied in an attempt to increase adjuvant activity and boost the immune response effectively for clinical use in the treatment of cancer and other diseases.Abstract:
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a synthetic immunoreactive peptide consisting of N-acetyl muramic acid attached to a short amino acid chain of L-Ala-D-isoGln. It was first identified in bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan as an active component in Freund's complete adjuvant. In the cell, MDP is detected by NOD2, a cytoplasmic receptor belonging to the human innate immune system. NOD2 mutations are frequently observed in patients with Crohn's disease, an autoimmune disorder, suggesting the significance of the MDP-NOD2 pathway in activating immunity. For this reason, structural modifications of MDP and its derivatives have been extensively studied in an attempt to increase adjuvant activity and boost the immune response effectively for clinical use in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. This review summarizes the synthetic chemistry of MDP and its derivatives and discusses their pharmacological action and stereoselective synthesis.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Muramyl dipeptide responsive pathways in Crohn’s disease: from NOD2 and beyond
TL;DR: The important aspects of NOD2 and non-NOD2 mediated effects of MDP for the development of CD are highlighted, as well as how alterations in these pathways might translate into the developed of new therapeutic strategies.
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The Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis in Controlling Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis.
Marina Romaní-Pérez,Clara Bullich-Vilarrubias,Inmaculada López-Almela,Rebeca Liébana-García,Marta Olivares,Yolanda Sanz +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate how the feeding time and dietary composition modulate the gut microbiota and, thereby, the intraluminal availability of these biological products with potential effects on energy homeostasis.
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Peptide-based vaccines
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Harnessing the untapped potential of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain ligands for cancer immunotherapy.
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NOD1 and NOD2: Molecular targets in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases
TL;DR: Novel data concerning structural features of selective and non‐selective (dual) NOD1 and NOD2 agonists, main signaling pathways and biological effects induced by NOD 1 and Nod2 stimulation are discussed, including induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons and antimicrobial peptides, induction of autophagy, alterations of metabolism.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease
Jean-Pierre Hugot,Mathias Chamaillard,Mathias Chamaillard,Habib Zouali,Suzanne Lesage,Jean-Pierre Cézard,Jacques Belaiche,Sven Almer,Curt Tysk,Colm O'Morain,Miquel A. Gassull,Vibeke Binder,Yigael Finkel,Antoine Cortot,Robert Modigliani,Pierre Laurent-Puig,C. Gower-Rousseau,J. Macry,Jean-Frederic Colombel,Mourad Sahbatou,Gilles Thomas,Gilles Thomas +21 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that the NOD2 gene product confers susceptibility to Crohn's disease by altering the recognition of these components and/or by over-activating NF-kB in monocytes, thus documenting a molecular model for the pathogenic mechanism of Crohn’s disease that can now be further investigated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Inflammatory bowel disease: Etiology and pathogenesis
TL;DR: No single agent or distinct mechanism is the sine qua non motive that explains all aspects of IBD, and several distinguishing factors are likely necessary to result in either CD or UC; this review will attempt to discuss those that currently appear important.
Journal ArticleDOI
Peptidoglycan structure and architecture
TL;DR: In several species examined, the fine structure of the peptidoglycan significantly varies with the growth conditions, and the different models for the architecture are discussed with respect to structural and physical parameters.
Journal ArticleDOI
The immunological and genetic basis of inflammatory bowel disease.
G. Bouma,G. Bouma,Warren Strober +2 more
TL;DR: The most important finding is the identification of mutations in the gene that encodes NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) protein in a subgroup of patients with Crohn's disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nod2-dependent regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the intestinal tract.
Koichi Kobayashi,Mathias Chamaillard,Yasunori Ogura,Octavian Henegariu,Naohiro Inohara,Gabriel Núñez,Richard A. Flavell +6 more
TL;DR: It is shown that protective immunity mediated by Nod2 recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide is abolished in Nod1-deficient mice, providing a possible mechanism for Nod 2 mutations in CD.