Open AccessJournal Article
Utilizing confocal laser scanning microscopy for rapid optical characterization of graphene
Vishal Panchal,Yanfei Yang,Guangjun Cheng,Jiuning Hu,Mattias Kruskopf,Chieh-I Liu,Albert F. Rigosi,Christos Melios,Angela R. Hight Walker,David B. Newell,Olga Kazakova,Randolph E. Elmquist +11 more
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TLDR
In this article, the authors demonstrate the optimized balance of image resolution and acquisition time of non-invasive confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), rendering it an indispensable tool for rapid analysis of mass-produced graphene.Abstract:
Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene have become the focus of extensive research efforts in condensed matter physics. They provide opportunities for both fundamental research and applications across a wide range of industries. Ideally, characterization of graphene requires non-invasive techniques with single-atomic-layer thickness resolution and nanometer lateral resolution. Moreover, commercial application of graphene requires fast and large-area scanning capability. We demonstrate the optimized balance of image resolution and acquisition time of non-invasive confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), rendering it an indispensable tool for rapid analysis of mass-produced graphene. It is powerful for analysis of 1–5 layers of exfoliated graphene on Si/SiO2, and allows us to distinguish the interfacial layer and 1–3 layers of epitaxial graphene on SiC substrates. Furthermore, CLSM shows excellent correlation with conventional optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman mapping.The development of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials is of particular importance for future electronics applications. The authors show how Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy outperforms other characterizing techniques for wafer-scale graphene.read more
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Chemical vapour deposition
Luzhao Sun,Yuan Guowen,Libo Gao,Jieun Yang,Manish Chhowalla,Meysam Heydari Gharahcheshmeh,Karen K. Gleason,Yongseok Choi,Byung Hee Hong,Zhongfan Liu +9 more
TL;DR: An overview of the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique, including instrument construction, process control, material characterization, and reproducibility issues, is provided in this article by taking graphene, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and polymeric thin films as typical examples.
Journal ArticleDOI
Synthesis of Wafer-Scale Graphene with Chemical Vapor Deposition for Electronic Device Applications
Baojun Sun,Baojun Sun,Jinbo Pang,Qilin Cheng,Shu Zhang,Yufen Li,Congcong Zhang,Dehui Sun,Bergoi Ibarlucea,Yang Li,Duo Chen,Huaimin Fan,Huaimin Fan,Qingfang Han,Qingfang Han,Mengxin Chao,Hong Liu,Hong Liu,Jingang Wang,Gianaurelio Cuniberti,Lin Han,Weijia Zhou +21 more
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Next-generation crossover-free quantum Hall arrays with superconducting interconnections.
Mattias Kruskopf,Albert F. Rigosi,Alireza R. Panna,Martina Marzano,Dinesh K. Patel,Hanbyul Jin,David B. Newell,Randolph E. Elmquist +7 more
TL;DR: These new techniques successfully eliminate the accumulation of internal resistances and leakage currents that typically occur at interconnections and crossing leads between interconnected devices, and a scalable quantized Hall resistance array is obtained with a nominal value that is as precise and stable as that from single-element quantizedHall resistance standards.
Journal ArticleDOI
An outlook into the flat land of 2D materials beyond graphene: synthesis, properties and device applications
TL;DR: The field of 2D and layered materials continues to excite many researchers around the world who are eager to advance and innovate viable routes for large scale synthesis, doping and integration of monolayers and the development of unique characterization approaches for studying and harnessing exotic properties that could help enable novel device applications as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Atypical quantized resistances in millimeter-scale epitaxial graphene p-n junctions
Albert F. Rigosi,Dinesh K. Patel,Dinesh K. Patel,Martina Marzano,Martina Marzano,Mattias Kruskopf,Mattias Kruskopf,Heather M. Hill,Hanbyul Jin,Hanbyul Jin,Jiuning Hu,Jiuning Hu,Angela R. Hight Walker,Massimo Ortolano,Luca Callegaro,Chi-Te Liang,David B. Newell +16 more
TL;DR: Measurements yielding nonconventional, fractional multiples of the typical quantized Hall resistance at ν = 2 (R H ≈ 12906 Ω) that take the form: a b R H .
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers.
Andrea C. Ferrari,Jannik C. Meyer,Vittorio Scardaci,Cinzia Casiraghi,Michele Lazzeri,Francesco Mauri,S. Piscanec,Da Jiang,K. S. Novoselov,S. Roth,A. K. Geim +10 more
TL;DR: This work shows that graphene's electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers, and allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.
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Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene
Rahul R. Nair,Peter Blake,Peter Blake,Alexander N. Grigorenko,K. S. Novoselov,Timothy J. Booth,Timothy J. Booth,Tobias Stauber,Tobias Stauber,Nuno M. R. Peres,Nuno M. R. Peres,A. K. Geim +11 more
TL;DR: It is shown that the opacity of suspended graphene is defined solely by the fine structure constant, a = e2/hc � 1/137 (where c is the speed of light), the parameter that describes coupling between light and relativistic electrons and that is traditionally associated with quantum electrodynamics rather than materials science.
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Graphene photonics and optoelectronics
TL;DR: Graphene has high mobility and optical transparency, in addition to flexibility, robustness and environmental stability as discussed by the authors, and its true potential lies in photonics and optoelectronics, where the combination of its unique optical and electronic properties can be fully exploited, even in the absence of a bandgap, and the linear dispersion of the Dirac electrons enables ultrawideband tunability.
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Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor
Anindya Das,Simone Pisana,Biswanath Chakraborty,S. Piscanec,Srijan Kumar Saha,Umesh V. Waghmare,Kostya S. Novoselov,H. R. Krishnamurthy,Andre K. Geim,Andrea C. Ferrari,A. K. Sood +10 more
TL;DR: This work demonstrates a top-gated graphene transistor that is able to reach doping levels of up to 5x1013 cm-2, which is much higher than those previously reported.
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Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems
Frank H. L. Koppens,Thomas Mueller,Phaedon Avouris,Andrea C. Ferrari,Miriam S. Vitiello,Marco Polini +5 more
TL;DR: An overview and evaluation of state-of-the-art photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials, and hybrid systems based on the combination of differentTwo-dimensional crystals or of two- dimensional crystals and other (nano)materials, such as plasmonic nanoparticles, semiconductors, quantum dots, or their integration with (silicon) waveguides are provided.