Supplementary Figure 1 Overview of the analysis pipeline. Supplementary Table 1 Details of conventionally raised and conventionalized mouse samples. Supplementary Discussion Expanded discussion of QIIME analyses presented in the main text; Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons; QIIME analysis notes; Expanded Figure 1 legend; Links to raw data and processed output from the runs with and without denoising.

/pdf/qiime-allows-analysis-of-high-throughput-community-2ob4mkjrat.pdf

QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data.

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

SILVA (from Latin silva, forest, http://www.arb-silva.de) is a comprehensive web resource for up to date, quality-controlled databases of aligned ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences from the Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota domains and supplementary online services. The referred database release 111 (July 2012) contains 3 194 778 small subunit and 288 717 large subunit rRNA gene sequences. Since the initial description of the project, substantial new features have been introduced, including advanced quality control procedures, an improved rRNA gene aligner, online tools for probe and primer evaluation and optimized browsing, searching and downloading on the website. Furthermore, the extensively curated SILVA taxonomy and the new non-redundant SILVA datasets provide an ideal reference for high-throughput classification of data from next-generation sequencing approaches.

The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools

mothur aims to be a comprehensive software package that allows users to use a single piece of software to analyze community sequence data. It builds upon previous tools to provide a flexible and powerful software package for analyzing sequencing data. As a case study, we used mothur to trim, screen, and align sequences; calculate distances; assign sequences to operational taxonomic units; and describe the alpha and beta diversity of eight marine samples previously characterized by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments. This analysis of more than 222,000 sequences was completed in less than 2 h with a laptop computer.

/pdf/introducing-mothur-open-source-platform-independent-3tr77w6374.pdf

Introducing mothur: Open-Source, Platform-Independent, Community-Supported Software for Describing and Comparing Microbial Communities

Motivation: Biological sequence data is accumulating rapidly, motivating the development of improved high-throughput methods for sequence classification.

Results: UBLAST and USEARCH are new algorithms enabling sensitive local and global search of large sequence databases at exceptionally high speeds. They are often orders of magnitude faster than BLAST in practical applications, though sensitivity to distant protein relationships is lower. UCLUST is a new clustering method that exploits USEARCH to assign sequences to clusters. UCLUST offers several advantages over the widely used program CD-HIT, including higher speed, lower memory use, improved sensitivity, clustering at lower identities and classification of much larger datasets.

Availability: Binaries are available at no charge for non-commercial use at http://www.drive5.com/usearch

Contact: [email protected]

Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

/pdf/search-and-clustering-orders-of-magnitude-faster-than-blast-1c8ksdt7ke.pdf

Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST

Faux Pas Recognition Test (Adult Version)

Purple‐fleshed potatoes suppress colon‐systemic oxidative stress/inflammatory markers via alternations in the gut bacterial signature

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading human pathogen associated with both hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections. The bacterium has steadily gained resistance to β-lactams and other important first-line antibiotics culminating in its categorization as an urgent threat by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Observations of a varying response to antimicrobial exposure as a function of media type has revealed that clinical susceptibility testing performed in standard bacteriological media might not adequately represent pharmacological responses in the patient. Such observations have encouraged research designed to identify media types that more closely mimic the in vivo environment. In this study, we examine the response of a hospital-acquired USA100 lineage methicillin-resistant, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (MRSA/VISA) strain (D592) to nafcillin in a bacteriological compared to a more physiological tissue culture-based medium. We performed multi-dimensional analysis including growth and bacterial cytological profiling, RNA sequencing, and exo-metabolomics measurements (both HPLC and LC/MS) to shed light on the media-dependent activity of the commonly prescribed β-lactam antibiotic nafcillin.

/pdf/profiling-the-effect-of-nafcillin-on-ha-mrsa-d592-using-4m5q8sdeau.pdf

Profiling the effect of nafcillin on HA-MRSA D592 using bacteriological and physiological media

Demand for steady output stymies discovery. To pursue the most important research, scientists must be allowed to shift their focus, say Tolu Oni and colleagues.

/pdf/let-researchers-try-new-paths-1rxn9e0csn.pdf

Let researchers try new paths

The analysis of DNA composition and codon usage reveals many factors that influence the evolution of genes and genomes. In this chapter, we show how to use CodonExplorer, a web tool and interactive database that contains millions of genes, to better understand the principles governing evolution at the single gene and whole-genome level. We present principles and practical procedures for using analyses of GC content and codon usage frequency to identify highly expressed or horizontally transferred genes and to study the relative contribution of different types of mutation to gene and genome composition. CodonExplorer’s combination of a user-friendly web interface and a comprehensive genomic database makes these diverse analyses fast and straightforward to perform. CodonExplorer is thus a powerful tool that facilitates and automates a wide range of compositional analyses.

Rob Knight

Papers

Faux Pas Recognition Test (Adult Version)

Purple‐fleshed potatoes suppress colon‐systemic oxidative stress/inflammatory markers via alternations in the gut bacterial signature

Profiling the effect of nafcillin on HA-MRSA D592 using bacteriological and physiological media

Let researchers try new paths

CodonExplorer: an interactive online database for the analysis of codon usage and sequence composition.