National Bureau of Economic Research

About: National Bureau of Economic Research is a nonprofit organization based out in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Monetary policy & Population. The organization has 2626 authors who have published 34177 publications receiving 2818124 citations. The organization is also known as: NBER & The National Bureau of Economic Research.

Product Market Synergies and Competition in Mergers and Acquisitions: A Text-Based Analysis

Abstract: We examine how product similarity and competition influence mergers and acquisitions and the ability of firms to exploit product market synergies through asset complementarities. Using novel text-based analysis of firm 10-K product descriptions, we find three key results. (1) Firms are more likely to enter mergers with firms whose language describing their assets is similar. (2) Transactions in competitive product markets with similar acquirer and target firms experience increased stock returns and real longer-term gains in cash flows and higher growth in their product descriptions. (3) These gains are higher when the target is less similar to the acquirer's closest rivals, and when firms have the potential for unique products. Our findings are consistent with firms merging and buying assets to exploit synergies and to create new products to increase product differentiation.

Affine Term Structure Models and the Forward Premium Anomaly

Abstract: One of the most puzzling features of currency prices is the forward premium anomaly: the tendency for high interest rate currencies to appreciate. We characterize the anomaly in the context of affine models of the term structure of interest rates. In affine models, the anomaly requires either that state variables have asymmetric effects on state prices in different currencies or that nominal interest rates take on negative values with positive probability. We find the quantitative properties of either alternative to have important shortcomings. PERHAPS THE MOST PUZZLING FEATURE of currency prices is the tendency for high interest rate currencies to appreciate when one might guess, instead, that investors would demand higher interest rates on currencies expected to fall in value. This departure from uncovered interest parity, which we term the forward premium anomaly, has been documented in dozens—and possibly hundreds—of studies, and has spawned a second generation of papers attempting to account for it. One of the most inf luential of these is Fama ~1984!, who attributes the behavior of forward and spot exchange rates to a time-varying risk premium. Fama shows that the implied risk premium on a currency must ~1! be negatively correlated with its expected rate of depreciation and ~2! have greater variance. We refer to this feature of the data as an anomaly because asset pricing theory to date has been notably unsuccessful in producing a risk premium with the requisite properties. Attempts include applications of the capital asset pricing model to currency prices ~Frankel and Engel ~1984!, Mark ~1988!!, statistical models relating risk premiums to changing second moments ~Hansen and Hodrick ~1983!, Domowitz and Hakkio ~1985!, Cumby ~1988!!, and consumption-based asset pricing theories, including departures from time

Pairs Trading: Performance of a Relative Value Arbitrage Rule

Abstract: We test a Wall Street investment strategy, pairs trading, with daily data over 1962-2002. Stocks are matched into pairs with minimum distance between normalized historical prices. A simple trading rule yields average annualized excess returns of up to 11 percent for selffinancing portfolios of pairs. The profits typically exceed conservative transaction costs estimates. Bootstrap results suggest that the pairs effect differs from previously-documented reversal profits. Robustness of the excess returns indicates that pairs trading profits from temporary mis-pricing of close substitutes. We link the profitability to the presence of a common factor in the returns, different from conventional risk measures.

Family Control and the Rent-Seeking Society

Abstract: A high level of trust within a small elite, like a low level of trust in society at large, may be a serious impediment to economic development. This is because such concentrated high trust among the elite promotes political rent seeking, known to retard growth. We propose that entrusting the governance of a country's great corporations to a few wealthy families promotes this undesirable distribution of trust. Preliminary empirical evidence and arguments grounded in game theory support this view.

Financial Decision-Making in Markets and Firms: A Behavioral Perspective

Abstract: In its attempt to model financial markets and the behavior of firms, modern finance theory starts from a set of normatively appealing axioms about individual behavior. Specifically, people are said to be risk-averse expected utility maximizers and unbiased Bayesian forecasters, i.e., agents make rational choices based on rational expectations. The rational paradigm may be criticized, however, because (1) the assumptions are descriptively false and incomplete, and (2) the theory often lacks predictive power. One way to make progress is to characterize actual decision- making behavior. Efforts along these lines are made by behavioral economists and psychologists. This paper provides a selective review of recent work in behavioral finance. First, we ask why economists should be concerned with the psychology of decision-making. Next, we discuss a series of key behavioral concepts, e.g., people's well-known tendencies to give too much weight to vivid information and to show excessive self-confidence. The body of the paper illustrates the relevance of these concepts to important topics in investment theory and corporate finance. In each case, behavioral finance offers a new perspective on results that are anomalous within the standard approach.