Decoding sORF translation – from small proteins to gene regulation
TLDR
Recent findings are highlighted that provide evidence that some of these newly discovered translated short ORFs (sORFs) encode functional, previously missed small proteins, while others have regulatory roles.Abstract:
Translation is best known as the fundamental mechanism by which the ribosome converts a sequence of nucleotides into a string of amino acids. Extensive research over many years has elucidated the key principles of translation, and the majority of translated regions were thought to be known. The recent discovery of wide-spread translation outside of annotated protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs) came therefore as a surprise, raising the intriguing possibility that these newly discovered translated regions might have unrecognized protein-coding or gene-regulatory functions. Here, we highlight recent findings that provide evidence that some of these newly discovered translated short ORFs (sORFs) encode functional, previously missed small proteins, while others have regulatory roles. Based on known examples we will also speculate about putative additional roles and the potentially much wider impact that these translated regions might have on cellular homeostasis and gene regulation.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Mining for Micropeptides
TL;DR: Emerging evidence indicates that several RNA molecules have been mis-annotated as noncoding and in fact harbor short open reading frames (sORFs) that encode functional peptides and that have evaded detection until now due to their small size.
Journal ArticleDOI
IRES-mediated cap-independent translation, a path leading to hidden proteome
Yun Yang,Zefeng Wang,Zefeng Wang +2 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that IRESs may play a previously unappreciated role in driving translation of the new type of mRNA, implying a hidden proteome produced from cap-independent translation.
Journal ArticleDOI
The cancer-associated microprotein CASIMO1 controls cell proliferation and interacts with squalene epoxidase modulating lipid droplet formation
Maria Polycarpou-Schwarz,Maria Polycarpou-Schwarz,Matthias Groß,Matthias Groß,Pieter Mestdagh,Johanna Schott,Stefanie Grund,Catherina Hildenbrand,Joachim Rom,Sebastian Aulmann,Hans-Peter Sinn,Jo Vandesompele,Sven Diederichs +12 more
TL;DR: Findings establish CASIMO1 as the first functional microprotein that plays a role in carcinogenesis and is implicated in the cell lipid homeostasis.
Journal ArticleDOI
In Search of Lost Small Peptides.
TL;DR: Recent advances in the discovery and functional characterization of smORF/SEPs are summarized and why these small players can no longer be ignored with regard to genome function are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Micropeptides Encoded in Transcripts Previously Identified as Long Noncoding RNAs: A New Chapter in Transcriptomics and Proteomics
TL;DR: The current progress and view of micropeptides encoded in sORFs of protein-coding genes and their significant divergent roles in many fundamental biological processes are summarized.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
The genetics of caenorhabditis elegans
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe methods for the isolation, complementation and mapping of mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans, a small free-living nematode worm.
Journal ArticleDOI
Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project
Ewan Birney,John A. Stamatoyannopoulos,Anindya Dutta,Roderic Guigó,Thomas R. Gingeras,Elliott H. Margulies,Zhiping Weng,Michael Snyder,Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis,Robert E. Thurman,Michael S. Kuehn,Christopher M. Taylor,Shane Neph,Christoph M. Koch,Saurabh Asthana,Ankit Malhotra,Ivan Adzhubei,Jason A. Greenbaum,Robert M. Andrews,Paul Flicek,Patrick J. Boyle,Hua Cao,Nigel P. Carter,Gayle K. Clelland,Sean Davis,Nathan Day,Pawandeep Dhami,Shane C. Dillon,Michael O. Dorschner,Heike Fiegler,Paul G. Giresi,Jeff Goldy,Michael Hawrylycz,Andrew Haydock,Richard Humbert,Keith D. James,Brett E. Johnson,Ericka M. Johnson,Tristan Frum,Elizabeth Rosenzweig,Neerja Karnani,Kirsten Lee,Gregory Lefebvre,Patrick A. Navas,Fidencio Neri,Stephen C. J. Parker,Peter J. Sabo,Richard Sandstrom,Anthony Shafer,David Vetrie,Molly Weaver,Sarah Wilcox,Man Yu,Francis S. Collins,Job Dekker,Jason D. Lieb,Thomas D. Tullius,Gregory E. Crawford,Shamil R. Sunyaev,William Stafford Noble,Ian Dunham,Alexandre Reymond,Alexandre Reymond,Philipp Kapranov,Joel Rozowsky,Deyou Zheng,Robert Castelo,Adam Frankish,Jennifer Harrow,Srinka Ghosh,Albin Sandelin,Ivo L. Hofacker,Robert Baertsch,Damian Keefe,Sujit Dike,Jill Cheng,Heather A. Hirsch,Edward A. Sekinger,Julien Lagarde,Josep F. Abril,Josep F. Abril,Atif Shahab,Christoph Flamm,Christoph Flamm,Claudia Fried,Jörg Hackermüller,Jana Hertel,Manja Lindemeyer,Kristin Missal,Andrea Tanzer,Andrea Tanzer,Stefan Washietl,Jan O. Korbel,Olof Emanuelsson,Jakob Skou Pedersen,Nancy Holroyd,Ruth Taylor,David Swarbreck,Nicholas Matthews,Mark Dickson,Daryl J. Thomas,Matthew T. Weirauch,James G. R. Gilbert,Jorg Drenkow,Ian Bell,Xiaodong Zhao,Kandhadayar G. Srinivasan,Wing-Kin Sung,Hong Sain Ooi,Kuo Ping Chiu,Sylvain Foissac,Tyler Alioto,Michael R. Brent,Lior Pachter,Michael L. Tress,Alfonso Valencia,Siew Woh Choo,Chiou Yu Choo,Catherine Ucla,Caroline Manzano,Carine Wyss,Evelyn Cheung,Taane G. Clark,James B. Brown,Madhavan Ganesh,Sandeep Patel,Hari Tammana,Jacqueline Chrast,Charlotte N. Henrichsen,Chikatoshi Kai,Jun Kawai,Ugrappa Nagalakshmi,Jia Qian Wu,Zheng Lian,Jin Lian,Peter E. Newburger,Xueqing Zhang,Peter J. Bickel,John S. Mattick,Piero Carninci,Yoshihide Hayashizaki,Sherman M. Weissman,Tim Hubbard,Richard M. Myers,Jane Rogers,Peter F. Stadler,Peter F. Stadler,Peter F. Stadler,Todd M. Lowe,Chia-Lin Wei,Yijun Ruan,Kevin Struhl,Mark Gerstein,Stylianos E. Antonarakis,Yutao Fu,Eric D. Green,Ulas Karaoz,Adam Siepel,Adam Siepel,James Taylor,Laura A. Liefer,Kris A. Wetterstrand,Peter J. Good,Elise A. Feingold,Mark S. Guyer,Gregory M. Cooper,Gregory M. Cooper,George Asimenos,Colin N. Dewey,Minmei Hou,Sergey Nikolaev,Juan I. Montoya-Burgos,Ari Löytynoja,Simon Whelan,Fabio Pardi,Tim Massingham,Haiyan Huang,Nan Zhang,Nan Zhang,Ian Holmes,James C. Mullikin,Abel Ureta-Vidal,Benedict Paten,Michael Seringhaus,Deanna M. Church,Kate R. Rosenbloom,W. James Kent,Eric A. Stone,Serafim Batzoglou,Nick Goldman,Ross C. Hardison,David Haussler,Webb Miller,Arend Sidow,Nathan D. Trinklein,Zhengdong D. Zhang,Leah O. Barrera,Rhona K. Stuart,David C. King,Adam Ameur,Stefan Enroth,Mark Bieda,Jonghwan Kim,Akshay Bhinge,Nan Jiang,Jun Liu,Fei Yao,Vinsensius B. Vega,Charlie W.H. Lee,Patrick Ng,Annie Yang,Zarmik Moqtaderi,Zhou Zhu,Xiaoqin Xu,Sharon L. Squazzo,Matthew J. Oberley,David R. Inman,Michael A. Singer,Todd Richmond,Kyle J. Munn,Kyle J. Munn,Alvaro Rada-Iglesias,Ola Wallerman,Jan Komorowski,Joanna C. Fowler,Phillippe Couttet,Alexander W. Bruce,Oliver M. Dovey,Peter D. Ellis,Cordelia Langford,David A. Nix,Ghia Euskirchen,Stephen Hartman,Alexander E. Urban,Peter Kraus,Sara Van Calcar,Nate Heintzman,Tae Hoon Kim,Kun Wang,Chunxu Qu,Gary C. Hon,Rosa Luna,Christopher K. Glass,M. Geoff Rosenfeld,Shelley Force Aldred,Sara J. Cooper,Anason S. Halees,Jane M. Lin,Hennady P. Shulha,Xiaoling Zhang,Mousheng Xu,Jaafar N. Haidar,Yong Yu,Vishwanath R. Iyer,Roland Green,Claes Wadelius,Peggy J. Farnham,Bing Ren,Rachel A. Harte,Angie S. Hinrichs,Heather Trumbower,Hiram Clawson,Jennifer Hillman-Jackson,Ann S. Zweig,Kayla E. Smith,Archana Thakkapallayil,Galt P. Barber,Robert M. Kuhn,Donna Karolchik,Lluís Armengol,Christine P. Bird,Paul I.W. de Bakker,Andrew D. Kern,Nuria Lopez-Bigas,Joel D. Martin,Barbara E. Stranger,Abigail Woodroffe,Eugene Davydov,Antigone S. Dimas,Eduardo Eyras,Ingileif B. Hallgrímsdóttir,Julian L. Huppert,Michael C. Zody,Gonçalo R. Abecasis,Xavier Estivill,Gerard G. Bouffard,Xiaobin Guan,Nancy F. Hansen,Jacquelyn R. Idol,Valerie Maduro,Baishali Maskeri,Jennifer C. McDowell,Morgan Park,Pamela J. Thomas,Alice C. Young,Robert W. Blakesley,Donna M. Muzny,Erica Sodergren,David A. Wheeler,Kim C. Worley,Huaiyang Jiang,George M. Weinstock,Richard A. Gibbs,Tina Graves,Robert S. Fulton,Elaine R. Mardis,Richard K. Wilson,Michele Clamp,James Cuff,Sante Gnerre,David B. Jaffe,Jean L. Chang,Kerstin Lindblad-Toh,Eric S. Lander,Eric S. Lander,Maxim Koriabine,Mikhail Nefedov,Kazutoyo Osoegawa,Yuko Yoshinaga,Baoli Zhu,Pieter J. de Jong +320 more
TL;DR: Functional data from multiple, diverse experiments performed on a targeted 1% of the human genome as part of the pilot phase of the ENCODE Project are reported, providing convincing evidence that the genome is pervasively transcribed, such that the majority of its bases can be found in primary transcripts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Alternative Isoform Regulation in Human Tissue Transcriptomes
Eric T. Wang,Rickard Sandberg,Rickard Sandberg,Shujun Luo,Irina Khrebtukova,Lu Zhang,Christine Mayr,Stephen F. Kingsmore,Gary P. Schroth,Christopher B. Burge +9 more
TL;DR: An in-depth analysis of 15 diverse human tissue and cell line transcriptomes on the basis of deep sequencing of complementary DNA fragments yielding a digital inventory of gene and mRNA isoform expression suggested common involvement of specific factors in tissue-level regulation of both splicing and polyadenylation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila
TL;DR: The phenotypes of the mutant embryos indicate that the process of segmentation involves at least three levels of spatial organization: the entire egg as developmental unit, a repeat unit with the length of two segments, and the individual segment.