Journal ArticleDOI
Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence.
TLDR
Emerging randomised controlled trials of physical activity and dietary factors and mechanistic studies of immunity, inflammation, extracellular matrix mechanics, epigenetic or transcriptional regulation, protein translation, circadian disruption, and interactions of the multibiome with lifestyle factors will be crucial to advance this field.Abstract:
The lifestyle factors of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and diet are increasingly being studied for their associations with cancer. Physical activity is inversely associated with and sedentary behaviour is positively (and independently) associated with an increased risk of more than ten types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (and advanced adenomas), endometrial cancers, and breast cancer. The most consistent dietary risk factor for premalignant and invasive breast cancer is alcohol, whether consumed during early or late adult life, even at low levels. Epidemiological studies show that the inclusion of wholegrain, fibre, fruits, and vegetables within diets are associated with reduced cancer risk, with diet during early life (age <8 years) having the strongest apparent association with cancer incidence. However, randomised controlled trials of diet-related factors have not yet shown any conclusive associations between diet and cancer incidence. Obesity is a key contributory factor associated with cancer risk and mortality, including in dose-response associations in endometrial and post-menopausal breast cancer, and in degree and duration of fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Obesity produces an inflammatory state, characterised by macrophages clustered around enlarged hypertrophied, dead, and dying adipocytes, forming crown-like structures. Increased concentrations of aromatase and interleukin 6 in inflamed breast tissue and an increased number of macrophages, compared with healthy tissue, are also observed in women with normal body mass index, suggesting a metabolic obesity state. Emerging randomised controlled trials of physical activity and dietary factors and mechanistic studies of immunity, inflammation, extracellular matrix mechanics, epigenetic or transcriptional regulation, protein translation, circadian disruption, and interactions of the multibiome with lifestyle factors will be crucial to advance this field.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Review.
Leah H. Biller,Deborah Schrag +1 more
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that for the 50% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer with KRAS/NRAS/BRAF wild-type tumors, targeted combination therapy with BRAF and EGFR inhibitors extended overall survival to 9.3 months, compared to 5.9 months for those receiving standard chemotherapy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gut microbiota in colorectal cancer: mechanisms of action and clinical applications
Sunny H. Wong,Jun Yu +1 more
TL;DR: The role of microorganisms in colorectal carcinogenesis, and the potential clinical translation of the gut microbiota as a biomarker for CRC diagnosis and prognosis are described, and as an approach for disease prevention and to improve therapy are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable Report on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Cancer Prevention and Control.
Alpa V. Patel,Christine M. Friedenreich,Steven C. Moore,Sandra C. Hayes,Julie K. Silver,Kristin L. Campbell,Kerri M. Winters-Stone,Lynn H. Gerber,Stephanie M. George,Janet E. Fulton,Crystal S. Denlinger,G. Stephen Morris,Trisha F. Hue,Kathryn H. Schmitz,Charles E. Matthews +14 more
TL;DR: There is consistent, compelling evidence that physical activity plays a role in preventing many types of cancer and for improving longevity among cancer survivors, although the evidence related to higher risk of melanoma demonstrates the importance of sun safe practices while being physically active.
Journal ArticleDOI
Western Diet and the Immune System: An Inflammatory Connection.
TL;DR: The current mechanistic understanding of how the Western lifestyle can induce metaflammation is reviewed, and how this knowledge can be translated to protect the public from the health burden associated with their selected lifestyle is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
American Cancer Society guideline for diet and physical activity for cancer prevention.
Cheryl L. Rock,Cynthia A. Thomson,Ted Gansler,Susan M. Gapstur,Marjorie L. McCullough,Alpa V. Patel,Kimberly S. Andrews,Elisa V. Bandera,Colleen Spees,Kimberly Robien,Sheri J. Hartman,Kristen Sullivan,Barbara L. Grant,Kathryn K. Hamilton,Lawrence H. Kushi,Bette J. Caan,Debra Kibbe,Jessica Donze Black,Tracy L. Wiedt,Catherine McMahon,Kirsten Sloan,Colleen Doyle +21 more
TL;DR: Recommendations for community action are presented to accompany the 4 recommendations for individual choices to reduce cancer risk, recognizing that a supportive social and physical environment is indispensable if individuals at all levels of society are to have genuine opportunities to choose healthy behaviors.
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Raitakari,Manu Raj,Sudha Ramachandra Rao,Ambady Ramachandran,Jacqueline Ramke,Rafel Ramos,Sanjay Rampal,Finn Rasmussen,Josep Redon,Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit,Robespierre Ribeiro,Elio Riboli,Fernando Rigo,Tobias F. Rinke de Wit,Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias,Juan A Rivera,Sian M. Robinson,Cynthia Robitaille,Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo,Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez,Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar,Rosalba Rojas-Martínez,Nipa Rojroongwasinkul,Dora Romaguera,Kimmo Ronkainen,Annika Rosengren,Ian Rouse,Adolfo Rubinstein,Frank J Ruehli,Ornelas Rui,Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt,Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto,Marcin Rutkowski,Charumathi Sabanayagam,Harshpal Singh Sachdev,Olfa Saidi,Benoit Salanave,Eduardo Salazar Martinez,Veikko Salomaa,Jukka T. Salonen,Massimo Salvetti,Jose Sanchez-Abanto,Sandjaja,Susana Sans,Diana A. Santos,Osvaldo Santos,Renata Nunes dos Santos,Rute Santos,Luís B. Sardinha,Nizal Sarrafzadegan,Kai-Uwe Saum,Savvas C. Savva,Marcia Scazufca,Angelika Schaffrath Rosario,Herman Schargrodsky,Anja Schienkiewitz,Ida Maria Schmidt,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Constance Schultsz,Aletta E. Schutte,Aye Aye Sein,Idowu O Senbanjo,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Svetlana A. Shalnova,Jonathan E. Shaw,Kenji Shibuya,Youchan Shin,Rahman Shiri,Rosalynn Siantar,Abla M. Sibai,Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva,Diego Augusto Santos Silva,Mary Simon,Judith Simons,Leon A. Simons,Michael Sjöström,Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer,Przemyslaw Slusarczyk,Liam Smeeth,Margaret Smith,Marieke B. Snijder,Hung-Kwan So,Eugene Sobngwi,Stefan Söderberg,Moesijanti Soekatri,Vincenzo Solfrizzi,Emily Sonestedt,Thorkild I. A. Sørensen,Maroje Sorić,Charles Sossa Jérome,Aicha Soumare,Jan A. Staessen,Gregor Starc,Maria G. Stathopoulou,Kaspar Staub,Bill Stavreski,Jostein Steene-Johannessen,Peter Stehle,Aryeh D. Stein,George S. Stergiou,Jochanan Stessman,Jutta Stieber,Doris Stoeckl,Tanja Stocks,Jakub Stokwiszewski,Gareth Stratton,Maria Wany Louzada Strufaldi,Chien-An Sun,Johan Sundström,Yn-Tz Sung,Jordi Sunyer,Paibul Suriyawongpaisal,Boyd Swinburn,Rody G. Sy,Lucjan Szponar,E. Shyong Tai,Mari-Liis Tammesoo,Abdonas Tamosiunas,Line Tang,Xun Tang,Frank Tanser,Yong Tao,Jakob Tarp,Carolina Tarqui-Mamani,Anne W. Taylor,Félicité Tchibindat,Lutgarde Thijs,Betina H. Thuesen,Anne Tjønneland,Hanna Tolonen,Janne Schurmann Tolstrup,Murat Topbaş,Roman Topor-Madry,Maties Torrent,Pierre Traissac,Antonia Trichopoulou,Dimitrios Trichopoulos,Oanh T. H. Trinh,Atul Trivedi,Lechaba Tshepo,Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid,Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen,Jaakko Tuomilehto,Per Tynelius,Themistoklis Tzotzas,Christophe Tzourio,Peter Ueda,Flora Ukoli,Hanno Ulmer,Belgin Ünal,Gonzalo Valdivia,Susana Vale,Damaskini Valvi,Yvonne T. van der Schouw,Koen Van Herck,Hoang Van Minh,Irene G. M. van Valkengoed,Dirk Vanderschueren,Diego Vanuzzo,Lars J. Vatten,Tomas Vega,Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez,Giovanni Veronesi,W. M. Monique Verschuren,Giovanni Viegi,Lucie Viet,Eira Viikari-Juntura,Paolo Vineis,Jesús Vioque,Jyrki K. Virtanen,Sophie Visvikis-Siest,Bharathi Viswanathan,Peter Vollenweider,Sari Voutilainen,Martine Vrijheid,Alisha N. Wade,Aline Wagner,Janette Walton,Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud,Ming-Dong Wang,Qian Wang,Ya Xing Wang,S. Goya Wannamethee,Nicholas J. Wareham,Deepa Weerasekera,Peter H. Whincup,Kurt Widhalm,Indah Suci Widyahening,Andrzej Wiecek,Rainford J. Wilks,Johann Willeit,Bogdan Wojtyniak,Jyh Eiin Wong,Tien Yin Wong,Jean Woo,Mark Woodward,Frederick C. W. Wu,Jianfeng Wu,Shou Ling Wu,Haiquan Xu,Liang Xu,Uruwan Yamborisut,Weili Yan,Xiaoguang Yang,Nazan Yardim,Xingwang Ye,Panayiotis K. Yiallouros,Akihiro Yoshihara,Qi Sheng You,Novie O. Younger-Coleman,Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff,Ahmad Ali Zainuddin,Sabina Zambon,Tomasz Zdrojewski,Yi Zeng,Dongxing Zhao,Wenhua Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,Maigeng Zhou,Dan Zhu,Esther Zimmermann,Julio Zuñiga Cisneros +741 more
TL;DR: The posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue, is calculated.