Showing papers in "Immunity in 2019"

TL;DR: How tumor-promoting inflammation closely resembles inflammatory processes typically found during development, immunity, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, or tissue repair is discussed and the distinctions between tissue-protective and pro-tumorigenic inflammation are illuminated.

TL;DR: The analysis of RNA expression patterns of more than 76,000 individual microglia in mice during development, in old age, and after brain injury uncovered at least nine transcriptionally distinct microglial states, which expressed unique sets of genes and were localized in the brain using specific markers.

TL;DR: An overview of the complex biology of the TGF-β family and its context-dependent nature is presented and how this knowledge is being leveraged to unleash the immune system against the tumor is discussed.

TL;DR: Advances in the understanding of Tfh cell differentiation and function are discussed, as are theUnderstanding of T fh cells in infectious diseases, vaccines, autoimmune diseases, allergies, atherosclerosis, organ transplants, and cancer.

TL;DR: This work identified a subset of tumor‐reactive TILs bearing hallmarks of exhausted cells and central memory cells, including expression of the checkpoint protein PD‐1 and the transcription factor Tcf1 that promote tumor control in response to vaccination and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy.

TL;DR: The lung TIM landscape is determined and sets the stage for future investigations into the potential of TIMs as immunotherapy targets by using single-cell RNA sequencing to map TIMs in non-small-cell lung cancer patients.

TL;DR: The functions of the interleukin 17 family are discussed, with a focus on the balance between the pathogenic and protective roles of IL-17 in cancer and autoimmune disease, including results of therapeutic blockade and novel aspects ofIL-17 signal transduction regulation.

TL;DR: A model wherein type III IFNs serve as a front-line defense that controls infection at epithelial barriers while minimizing damaging inflammatory responses, reserving the more potent type I IFN response for when local responses are insufficient is discussed.

TL;DR: Current understanding of caspase biology is reviewed with a prime focus on the inflammatory caspases and important topics for future experimentation are outlined.

TL;DR: The data suggest that increased intestinal butyrate might represent a strategy to bolster host defense without tissue damaging inflammation and that pharmacological HDAC3 inhibition might drive selective macrophage functions toward antimicrobial host defense.

TL;DR: The varied roles of IL-1 family members in immune homeostasis and their contribution to pathologies, including autoimmunity and auto-inflammation, dysmetabolism, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer are discussed.

TL;DR: The cytokine networks driving asthma are reviewed, placing these in cellular context and incorporating insights from cytokine-targeting therapies in the clinic, to argue that the development of new and improved therapeutics will require understanding the diverse mechanisms underlying the spectrum of asthma pathologies.

TL;DR: The current state of IL-6-targeting approaches in the clinic is reviewed and how to apply the growing understanding of the immunobiology ofIL-6 to clinical decisions is discussed.

TL;DR: Recent progress in understanding the biology of the IL‐10 family of cytokines is summarized, suggesting more specific strategies to maneuver these cytokines for the effective treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancers.

TL;DR: The dynamics of the effector response of CD8+ tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) after checkpoint blockade therapy was examined, showing a shift from naive‐like to memory‐precursor‐ and effector‐like subsets within PD‐1−CD8+ T cells in tumors.

TL;DR: Findings within the context of concepts in Treg cell development and function derived from preclinical models and insight from approaches targeting Treg cells in clinical settings are discussed.

TL;DR: The progression of IBD from the perspective of remodeling of cytokine networks is discussed, placing well-established and under-studied cytokine modules in the context of cellular interactions, their dynamic regulation in late stages of disease and their current and potential use in the clinic.

TL;DR: The data suggest that the CXCR3 chemokines system is a biomarker for sensitivity to PD-1 blockade and that augmenting the intratumoral function of this chemokine system could improve clinical outcomes.

TL;DR: The findings uncovered the formation of a CX3CR1-expressing CD8+ T cell subset that exhibited potent cytolytic function and was required for viral control and have implications toward optimizing the generation of protective CD8- T cells in immunotherapy.

TL;DR: The current mechanistic understanding of how the Western lifestyle can induce metaflammation is reviewed, and how this knowledge can be translated to protect the public from the health burden associated with their selected lifestyle is discussed.

TL;DR: A role for TCF-1 in early-fate-bifurcation-driving Tex precursor cells is defined and PD-1 is identified as a protector of this early TCf-1 subset.

TL;DR: The reactivity of the mouse intestinal immune system during the first weeks after birth and into adulthood is explored, finding that inhibition of the weaning reaction led to pathological imprinting and increased susceptibility to colitis, allergic inflammation, and cancer later in life.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the current understanding of pDC biology, including transcriptional regulation, heterogeneity, role in antiviral immune responses, and involvement in immune pathology, particularly in autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, and cancer.

TL;DR: It is shown that the Kupffer cell niche is composed of stellate cells, hepatocytes, and endothelial cells that together imprint the liver-specific macrophage identity.

TL;DR: A role for the microbiota is revealed in promoting CD8+ T cell long-term survival as memory cells and it is suggested that microbial metabolites guide the metabolic rewiring of activated CD8- T cells to enable this transition.

TL;DR: The IL-6 family of cytokines in autoimmune diseases is reviewed from the viewpoints of their structure, signaling, and biological features and possible mechanisms of their functional pleiotropy are discussed.

TL;DR: It is shown that Treg cells segregate into subpopulations along a continuum of tissue adaptation and present conserved expression programs between homeostasis and disease and mouse and human.

TL;DR: It is shown that CSR is triggered prior to differentiation into GC B cells or plasmablasts and is greatly diminished in GCs, and the existence of IgM-dominated GCs is demonstrated, which are unlikely to occur under the assumption of ongoing switching.

TL;DR: PD-1 pathway blockade increased the numbers of CD101-Tim3+ CD8+ T cells, suggesting that these newly generated transitional cells play a critical role in PD-1-based immunotherapy.

TL;DR: An impact on intestinal Th17 and ROR&ggr;t+ regulatory T cell compartments emerges as a unifying feature of IBD microbiotas, suggesting a general mechanism for microbial contribution to IBD pathogenesis.