RXLR effector AVR2 up-regulates a brassinosteroid responsive bHLH transcription factor to suppress immunity
Dionne Turnbull,Lina Yang,Shaista Naqvi,Susan Breen,Lydia Welsh,Jennifer Stephens,Jennifer Morris,Petra C. Boevink,Pete E. Hedley,Jiasui Zhan,Paul R. J. Birch,Eleanor M. Gilroy +11 more
TLDR
The ability of AVR2 to suppress INF1-triggered cell death was attenuated in Nb CHL1-silenced plants, indicating that NbCHL1 was important for this effector activity.Abstract:
An emerging area in plant research focuses on antagonism between regulatory systems governing growth and immunity. Such cross talk represents a point of vulnerability for pathogens to exploit. AVR2, an RXLR effector secreted by the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, interacts with potato BSL1, a putative phosphatase implicated in growth-promoting brassinosteroid (BR) hormone signaling. Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants expressing the effector exhibit transcriptional and phenotypic hallmarks of overactive BR signaling and show enhanced susceptibility to P. infestans. Microarray analysis was used to identify a set of BR-responsive marker genes in potato, all of which are constitutively expressed to BR-induced levels in AVR2 transgenic lines. One of these genes was a bHLH transcription factor, designated StCHL1, homologous to AtCIB1 and AtHBI1, which are known to facilitate antagonism between BR and immune responses. Transient expression of either AVR2 or CHL1 enhanced leaf colonization by P. infestans and compromised immune cell death activated by perception of the elicitin Infestin1 (INF1). Knockdown of CHL1 transcript using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) reduced colonization of P. infestans on Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, the ability of AVR2 to suppress INF1-triggered cell death was attenuated in NbCHL1-silenced plants, indicating that NbCHL1 was important for this effector activity. Thus, AVR2 exploits cross talk between BR signaling and innate immunity in Solanum species, representing a novel, indirect mode of innate immune suppression by a filamentous pathogen effector.read more
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Manipulation of Phytohormone Pathways by Effectors of Filamentous Plant Pathogens
Xiaowei Han,Regine Kahmann +1 more
TL;DR: In this review, the various strategies used by filamentous phytopathogens to manipulate phytohormone pathways to cause disease are outlined.
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Growth rate, plant development and water relations of the ABA-deficient tomato mutant sitiens [allocation patterns]
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Mutations introduced in susceptibility genes through CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing confer increased late blight resistance in potatoes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the mutation and screening of seven putative S-genes in potatoes, including two DMR6 potato homologues, using a CRISPR/Cas9 system, which conferred co-expression of two guide RNAs.
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All Roads Lead to Susceptibility: The Many Modes of Action of Fungal and Oomycete Intracellular Effectors
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