Journal ArticleDOI
The Nutrition Transition in Low-Income Countries: An Emerging Crisis
TLDR
In general, it is found that problems of under- and overnutrition often coexist, reflecting the trend in which an increasing proportion of people consume the types of diets associated with a number of chronic diseases.Abstract:
Scientists have long recognized the importance of the demographics and epidemiologic transitions in higher income countries. Only recently has it become understood that similar sets of broadly based changes are occurring in lower income countries. What has not been recognized is that concurrent changes in nutrition are also occurring, with equally important implications for resource allocation in many low-income countries. Several major changes seem to be emerging, leading to a marked shift in the structure of diet and the distribution of body composition in many regions of the world: a rapid reduction in fertility and aging of the population, rapid urbanization, the epidemiologic transition, and economic changes affecting populations in different and uneven ways. These changes vary significantly over time. In general, we find that problems of under- and overnutrition often coexist, reflecting the trend in which an increasing proportion of people consume the types of diets associated with a number of chronic diseases. This is occurring more rapidly than previously seen in higher income countries, or even in Japan and Korea. Examples from Thailand, China, and Brazil provide evidence of the changes and trends in dietary intake, physical activity, and body composition patterns.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,Lily Alexander,H. Ross Anderson,Victoria F Bachman,Stan Biryukov,Michael Brauer,Richard T. Burnett,Daniel Casey,Daniel Casey,Matthew M Coates,Aaron Cohen,Kristen Delwiche,Kara Estep,Joseph Frostad,K. C. Astha,Hmwe H Kyu,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Marie Ng,Erica Leigh Slepak,Bernadette Thomas,Joseph A Wagner,Gunn Marit Aasvang,Cristiana Abbafati,Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren,Foad Abd-Allah,Semaw Ferede Abera,Semaw Ferede Abera,Victor Aboyans,Biju Abraham,Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham,Ibrahim Abubakar,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Tania C Aburto,Tom Achoki,Ademola Lukman Adelekan,Koranteng Adofo,Arsène Kouablan Adou,Jose C. Adsuar,Ashkan Afshin,Emilie Agardh,Mazin J. Al Khabouri,Faris Lami,Sayed Saidul Alam,Deena Alasfoor,Mohammed I. Albittar,Miguel Angel Alegretti,Alicia Aleman,Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho,Samia Alhabib,Raghib Ali,Mohammed K. Ali,François Alla,Peter Allebeck,Peter J. Allen,Ubai Alsharif,Elena Alvarez,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Adansi A. Amankwaa,Azmeraw T. Amare,Emmanuel A. Ameh,Omid Ameli,Heresh Amini,Walid Ammar,Benjamin O Anderson,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Solveig A. Cunningham,Johan Ärnlöv,Valentina S. Arsic Arsenijevic,Al Artaman,Rana J. Asghar,Reza Assadi,Lydia S. Atkins,Charles Atkinson,Marco A Avila,Baffour Awuah,Alaa Badawi,Maria Cecilia Bahit,Talal Bakfalouni,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Shivanthi Balalla,Ravi Kumar Balu,Amitava Banerjee,Ryan M Barber,Suzanne Barker-Collo,Simón Barquera,Lars Barregard,Lope H Barrero,Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez,Ana Basto-Abreu,Arindam Basu,Sanjay Basu,Mohammed O. Basulaiman,Carolina Batis Ruvalcaba,Justin Beardsley,Neeraj Bedi,Tolesa Bekele,Michelle L. Bell,Corina Benjet,Derrick A Bennett,Habib Benzian,Eduardo Bernabé,Tariku Jibat Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Ashish Bhalla,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Boris Bikbov,Aref A. Bin Abdulhak,Jed D. Blore,Fiona M. Blyth,Megan Bohensky,Berrak Bora Basara,Guilherme Borges,Natan M. Bornstein,Dipan Bose,Soufiane Boufous,Rupert R A Bourne,Michael Brainin,Alexandra Brazinova,Nicholas J K Breitborde,Hermann Brenner,Adam D M Briggs,David M. Broday,Peter Brooks,Nigel Bruce,Traolach S. Brugha,Bert Brunekreef,Rachelle Buchbinder,Linh N Bui,Gene Bukhman,Andrew G. M. Bulloch,Michael Burch,Peter Burney,Ismael R. Campos-Nonato,Julio Cesar Campuzano,Alejandra Cantoral,Jack Caravanos,Rosario Cárdenas,Elisabeth Cardis,David O. Carpenter,Valeria Caso,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Ruben Castro,Ferrán Catalá-López,Ferrán Catalá-López,Fiorella Cavalleri,Alanur Çavlin,Vineet K. Chadha,Jung-Chen Chang,Fiona J Charlson,Honglei Chen,Wanqing Chen,Zhengming Chen,Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang,Odgerel Chimed-Ochir,Rajiv Chowdhury,Costas A. Christophi,Costas A. Christophi,Ting Wu Chuang,Sumeet S. Chugh,Massimo Cirillo,Thomas Claßen,Valentina Colistro,Mercedes Colomar,Samantha M. Colquhoun,Alejandra G. Contreras,Cyrus Cooper,Kimberly Cooperrider,Leslie T. Cooper,Josef Coresh,Karen J. Courville,Michael H. Criqui,Lucía Cuevas-Nasu,James Damsere-Derry,Hadi Danawi,Lalit Dandona,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Paul I. Dargan,Adrian Davis,Dragos Virgil Davitoiu,Anand Dayama,E Filipa de Castro,Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora,Diego De Leo,Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima,Louisa Degenhardt,Borja del Pozo-Cruz,Robert P. Dellavalle,Kebede Deribe,Sarah Derrett,Don C. Des Jarlais,Muluken Dessalegn,Gabrielle deVeber,Karen Devries,Samath D Dharmaratne,Mukesh Dherani,Daniel Dicker,Eric L. Ding,Klara Dokova,E. Ray Dorsey,Tim Driscoll,Leilei Duan,Adnan M. Durrani,Beth E. Ebel,Richard G. Ellenbogen,Yousef M. Elshrek,Matthias Endres,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Holly E. Erskine,Babak Eshrati,Alireza Esteghamati,Saman Fahimi,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Farshad Farzadfar,Derek F J Fay,Valery L. Feigin,Andrea B. Feigl,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Alize J. Ferrari,Cleusa P. Ferri,Abraham D. Flaxman,Thomas D. Fleming,Nataliya Foigt,Kyle J Foreman,Urbano Fra Paleo,Richard C. Franklin,Belinda J. Gabbe,Lynne Gaffikin,Emmanuela Gakidou,Amiran Gamkrelidze,Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé,Ron T. Gansevoort,Francisco A García-Guerra,Evariste Gasana,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Bradford D. Gessner,Peter W. Gething,Katherine B Gibney,Richard F. Gillum,Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi,Maurice Giroud,Giorgia Giussani,Shifalika Goenka,Ketevan Goginashvili,Héctor Gómez Dantés,Philimon Gona,Teresita González de Cosío,Dinorah González-Castell,Carolyn C. Gotay,Atsushi Goto,Hebe N. Gouda,Richard L. Guerrant,Harish Chander Gugnani,Francis Guillemin,David Gunnell,Rashmi Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Reyna A Gutiérrez,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Holly Hagan,Maria Hagströmer,Yara A. Halasa,Randah R. Hamadeh,Mouhanad Hammami,Graeme J. Hankey,Yuantao Hao,Hilda L Harb,Tilahun Nigatu Haregu,Josep Maria Haro,Rasmus Havmoeller,Simon I. Hay,Mohammad Taghi Hedayati,Ileana Heredia-Pi,Lucia Hernandez,Kyle R. Heuton,Pouria Heydarpour,Martha Híjar,Hans W. Hoek,Howard J. Hoffman,John Hornberger,H. Dean Hosgood,Damian G Hoy,Mohamed Hsairi,Guoqing Hu,Howard Hu,Cheng Huang,John J Huang,Bryan Hubbell,Laetitia Huiart,Abdullatif Husseini,Marissa Iannarone,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Bulat Idrisov,Nayu Ikeda,Kaire Innos,Manami Inoue,Farhad Islami,Samaya Ismayilova,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Henrica A. F. M. Jansen,Deborah Jarvis,Simerjot K. Jassal,Alejandra Jáuregui,Sudha Jayaraman,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Paul N Jensen,Vivekanand Jha,Fan Jiang,Guohong Jiang,Ying Jiang,Jost B. Jonas,Knud Juel,Haidong Kan,Sidibe S Kany Roseline,Nadim E. Karam,André Karch,Corine Karema,Ganesan Karthikeyan,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Dhruv S. Kazi,Andrew H. Kemp,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Yousef Khader,Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Shahab Khatibzadeh,Irma Khonelidze,Christian Kieling,Daniel Kim,Sungroul Kim,Yun Jin Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Yohannes Kinfu,Jonas Minet Kinge,Brett M. Kissela,Miia Kivipelto,Luke D. Knibbs,Ann Kristin Knudsen,Yoshihiro Kokubo,M Rifat Kose,Soewarta Kosen,Alexander Kraemer,Michael Kravchenko,Sanjay Krishnaswami,Hans Kromhout,Tiffany Ku,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Burcu Kucuk Bicer,Ernst J. Kuipers,Chanda Kulkarni,Veena S. Kulkarni,G Anil Kumar,Gene F. Kwan,Taavi Lai,Arjun Lakshmana Balaji,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Hilton Lam,Qing Lan,Van C. Lansingh,Heidi J. Larson,Anders Larsson,Dennis Odai Laryea,Pablo M. Lavados,Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz,Janet L Leasher,Jongmin Lee,James Leigh,Ricky Leung,Miriam Levi,Yichong Li,Yongmei Li,Juan Liang,Xiaofeng Liang,Stephen S Lim,M. Patrice Lindsay,Steven E. Lipshultz,Shiwei Liu,Yang Liu,Belinda K Lloyd,Belinda K Lloyd,Giancarlo Logroscino,Stephanie J. London,Nancy Lopez,Joannie Lortet-Tieulent,Paulo A. Lotufo,Rafael Lozano,Raimundas Lunevicius,Jixiang Ma,Stefan Ma,Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado,Michael F. MacIntyre,Carlos Magis-Rodriguez,Abbas Ali Mahdi,Marek Majdan,Reza Malekzadeh,Srikanth Mangalam,Christopher C. Mapoma,Marape Marape,Wagner Marcenes,David J. Margolis,David J. Margolis,Christopher Margono,Guy B. Marks,Randall V. Martin,Melvin Barrientos Marzan,Mohammad T Mashal,Felix Masiye,Amanda J. Mason-Jones,Kunihiro Matsushita,Richard Matzopoulos,Bongani M. Mayosi,Tasara T. Mazorodze,Abigail C. McKay,Martin McKee,Abigail McLain,Peter A. Meaney,Catalina Medina,Man Mohan Mehndiratta,Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez,Wubegzier Mekonnen,Yohannes Adama Melaku,Michele Meltzer,Ziad A. Memish,Walter Mendoza,George A. Mensah,Atte Meretoja,Francis Apolinary Mhimbira,Renata Micha,Ted R. Miller,Ted R. Miller,Edward J Mills,Awoke Misganaw,Santosh Mishra,Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim,K. A. Mohammad,Ali H. Mokdad,Glen Mola,Lorenzo Monasta,Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez,Marcella Montico,Ami R Moore,Lidia Morawska,Rintaro Mori,Joanna Moschandreas,Wilkister N. Moturi,Dariush Mozaffarian,Ulrich O Mueller,Mitsuru Mukaigawara,Erin C Mullany,Kinnari S. Murthy,Mohsen Naghavi,Ziad Nahas,Aliya Naheed,Kovin Naidoo,Luigi Naldi,Devina Nand,Vinay Nangia,K.M. Venkat Narayan,Denis Nash,Bruce Neal,Chakib Nejjari,Sudan Prasad Neupane,Charles R. Newton,Charles R. Newton,Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni,Jean de Dieu Ngirabega,Grant Nguyen,Nhung T Nguyen,Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen,Muhammad Imran Nisar,José R Nogueira,Joan M. Nolla,Sandra Nolte,Ole Frithjof Norheim,Rosana E. Norman,Bo Norrving,Luke Nyakarahuka,In-Hwan Oh,Takayoshi Ohkubo,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,Saad B. Omer,John Nelson Opio,Ricardo Orozco,Rodolfo S Pagcatipunan,Amanda W Pain,Jeyaraj D Pandian,Carlo Irwin A. Panelo,Christina Papachristou,Eun-Kee Park,Charles D. H. Parry,Angel J Paternina Caicedo,Scott B. Patten,Vinod K. Paul,Boris I. Pavlin,Neil Pearce,Lilia S Pedraza,Andrea Pedroza,Ljiljana Pejin Stokic,Ayfer Pekericli,David M. Pereira,Rogelio Pérez-Padilla,Fernando Perez-Ruiz,Norberto Perico,Samuel A L Perry,Aslam Pervaiz,Konrad Pesudovs,Carrie Beth Peterson,Max Petzold,Michael R. Phillips,Hwee Pin Phua,Dietrich Plass,Dan Poenaru,Guilherme V. Polanczyk,Suzanne Polinder,Constance D. Pond,C. Arden Pope,Daniel Pope,Svetlana Popova,Farshad Pourmalek,John Powles,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Noela M Prasad,Dima M. Qato,Amado D Quezada,D. Alex Quistberg,Lionel Racapé,Anwar Rafay,Kazem Rahimi,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar,Sajjad Ur Rahman,Murugesan Raju,Ivo Rakovac,Saleem M Rana,Mayuree Rao,Homie Razavi,K. Srinath Reddy,Amany H Refaat,Amany H Refaat,Jürgen Rehm,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro,Patricia M. Riccio,Lee Richardson,Anne M. Riederer,Margaret Robinson,Anna Roca,Alina Rodriguez,David Rojas-Rueda,Isabelle Romieu,Luca Ronfani,Robin Room,Nobhojit Roy,George Mugambage Ruhago,Lesley Rushton,Nsanzimana Sabin,Ralph L. Sacco,Sukanta Saha,Ramesh Sahathevan,Mohammad Ali Sahraian,Joshua A. Salomon,Deborah Salvo,Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson,Juan Sanabria,Juan Sanabria,Luz Maria Sanchez,Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta,Lidia Sanchez-Riera,Logan Sandar,Itamar S. Santos,Amir Sapkota,Maheswar Satpathy,James E. Saunders,Monika Sawhney,Mete Saylan,Peter Scarborough,Jürgen C Schmidt,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Ben Schöttker,David C. Schwebel,James Scott,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Berrin Serdar,Edson Serván-Mori,Gavin Shaddick,Saeid Shahraz,Teresa Shamah Levy,Siyi Shangguan,Jun She,Sara Sheikhbahaei,Kenji Shibuya,Hwashin H. Shin,Yukito Shinohara,Rahman Shiri,Kawkab Shishani,Ivy Shiue,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Donald H. Silberberg,Edgar P. Simard,Shireen Sindi,Abhishek Singh,Gitanjali M. Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,Vegard Skirbekk,Karen Sliwa,Michael Soljak,Samir Soneji,Kjetil Søreide,Sergey Soshnikov,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Nadine Steckling,Dan J. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Natalie Stephens,Heidi Stöckl,Kurt Straif,Konstantinos Stroumpoulis,Lela Sturua,Bruno F. Sunguya,Soumya Swaminathan,Mamta Swaroop,Bryan L. Sykes,Karen M. Tabb,Ken Takahashi,Roberto Tchio Talongwa,Nikhil Tandon,David Tanne,Marcel Tanner,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Braden Te Ao,Carolina Maria Teixeira,Martha M Téllez Rojo,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,José Luis Texcalac-Sangrador,Sarah V Thackway,Blake Thomson,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Amanda G. Thrift,George D. Thurston,Taavi Tillmann,Myriam Tobollik,Marcello Tonelli,Fotis Topouzis,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Hideaki Toyoshima,Jefferson Traebert,Bach Xuan Tran,Leonardo Trasande,Matias Trillini,Ulises Trujillo,Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris,Emin Murat Tuzcu,Uche S. Uchendu,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Selen Begüm Uzun,Steven van de Vijver,Rita Van Dingenen,Coen H. Van Gool,Jim van Os,Yuri Y Varakin,Tommi Vasankari,Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos,Monica S. Vavilala,Lennert J. Veerman,Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Lakshmi Vijayakumar,Salvador Villalpando,Francesco Saverio Violante,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Gregory R. Wagner,Gregory R. Wagner,Stephen G Waller,Mitchell T. Wallin,Xia Wan,Haidong Wang,JianLi Wang,Linhong Wang,Wenzhi Wang,Yanping Wang,Tati S. Warouw,Charlotte Watts,Charlotte Watts,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Andrea Werdecker,K. Ryan Wessells,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,James D. Wilkinson,Hywel C Williams,Thomas N. Williams,Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes,Charles D.A. Wolfe,John Q. Wong,Anthony D. Woolf,Jonathan L. Wright,Jonathan L. Wright,Brittany Wurtz,Gelin Xu,Lijing L. Yan,Gonghuan Yang,Yuichiro Yano,Pengpeng Ye,Muluken Azage Yenesew,Gokalp Kadri Yentur,Paul S. F. Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Zourkaleini Younoussi,Chuanhua Yu,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Yong Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,Maigeng Zhou,Jun Zhu,Shankuan Zhu,Xiaonong Zou,Joseph R. Zunt,Alan D. Lopez,Theo Vos,Christopher J L Murray +736 more
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) as discussed by the authors provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.
Journal ArticleDOI
Obesity as a medical problem
TL;DR: The global epidemic of obesity results from a combination of genetic susceptibility, increased availability of high-energy foods and decreased requirement for physical activity in modern society, and should be regarded as an epidemic that threatens global well being.
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Mohammad H Forouzanfar,Ashkan Afshin,Lily Alexander,H. Ross Anderson,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Stan Biryukov,Michael Brauer,Richard T. Burnett,Kelly Cercy,Fiona J Charlson,Aaron Cohen,Lalit Dandona,Kara Estep,Alize J. Ferrari,Joseph Frostad,Nancy Fullman,Peter W. Gething,William W Godwin,Max Griswold,Simon I. Hay,Yohannes Kinfu,Hmwe H Kyu,Heidi J. Larson,Xiaofeng Liang,Stephen S Lim,Patrick Liu,Alan D. Lopez,Rafael Lozano,Laurie B. Marczak,George A. Mensah,Ali H. Mokdad,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Mohsen Naghavi,Bruce Neal,Marissa B Reitsma,Gregory A. Roth,Joshua A. Salomon,Patrick J Sur,Theo Vos,Joseph A Wagner,Haidong Wang,Yi Zhao,Maigeng Zhou,Gunn Marit Aasvang,Amanuel Alemu Abajobir,Kalkidan Hassen Abate,Cristiana Abbafati,Kaja Abbas,Foad Abd-Allah,Abdishakur M. Abdulle,Semaw Ferede Abera,Biju Abraham,Laith J. Abu-Raddad,Gebre Yitayih Abyu,Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi,Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji,Zanfina Ademi,Arsène Kouablan Adou,Jose C. Adsuar,Emilie Agardh,Arnav Agarwal,Anurag Agrawal,Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri,Oluremi N Ajala,Tomi Akinyemiju,Ziyad Al-Aly,Khurshid Alam,Noore Alam,Saleh F. Aldhahri,Robert W Aldridge,Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,Raghib Ali,Ala'a Alkerwi,François Alla,Peter Allebeck,Ubai Alsharif,Khalid A Altirkawi,Elena Alvarez Martin,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Azmeraw T. Amare,Alemayehu Amberbir,Adeladza Kofi Amegah,Heresh Amini,Walid Ammar,Stephen M. Amrock,Hjalte Holm Andersen,Benjamin O. Anderson,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Johan Ärnlöv,Al Artaman,Hamid Asayesh,Rana Jawad Asghar,Reza Assadi,Suleman Atique,Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho,Ashish Awasthi,Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla,Peter Azzopardi,Umar Bacha,Alaa Badawi,Maria Cecilia Bahit,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Aleksandra Barac,Ryan M Barber,Suzanne Barker-Collo,Till Bärnighausen,Simón Barquera,Lars Barregard,Lope H Barrero,Sanjay Basu,Carolina Batis,Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi,Justin Beardsley,Neeraj Bedi,Ettore Beghi,Brent Bell,Michelle L. Bell,Aminu K. Bello,Derrick A Bennett,Isabela M. Benseñor,Adugnaw Berhane,Eduardo Bernabé,Balem Demtsu Betsu,Addisu Shunu Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Anil Bhansali,Samir Bhatt,Sibhatu Biadgilign,Boris Bikbov,Donal Bisanzio,Espen Bjertness,Jed D. Blore,Rohan Borschmann,Soufiane Boufous,Rupert R A Bourne,Michael Brainin,Alexandra Brazinova,Nicholas J K Breitborde,Hermann Brenner,David M. Broday,Traolach S. Brugha,Bert Brunekreef,Zahid A Butt,Leah E. Cahill,Bianca Calabria,Ismael R. Campos-Nonato,Rosario Cárdenas,David O. Carpenter,Juan Jesus Carrero,Daniel C Casey,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Jacqueline Castillo Rivas,Ruben Castro,Ferrán Catalá-López,Jung-Chen Chang,Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang,Mirriam Chibalabala,Odgerel Chimed-Ochir,Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa,Abdulaal A Chitheer,Jee-Young Jasmine Choi,Hanne Christensen,Devasahayam J. Christopher,Liliana G Ciobanu,Matthew M Coates,Samantha M. Colquhoun,Alejandra G Contreras Manzano,Leslie T. Cooper,Kimberly Cooperrider,Leslie Cornaby,Monica Cortinovis,John A. Crump,Lucía Cuevas-Nasu,Albertino Damasceno,Rakhi Dandona,Sarah C. Darby,Paul I. Dargan,José Neves,Adrian Davis,Kairat Davletov,E Filipa de Castro,Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora,Diego De Leo,Louisa Degenhardt,Liana C Del Gobbo,Borja del Pozo-Cruz,Robert P. Dellavalle,Amare Deribew,Don C. Des Jarlais,Samath D Dharmaratne,Preet K Dhillon,Cesar Diaz-Torne,Daniel Dicker,Eric L. Ding,E. Ray Dorsey,Kerrie E. Doyle,Tim Driscoll,Leilei Duan,Manisha Dubey,Bruce Bartholow Duncan,Iqbal R. F. Elyazar,Aman Yesuf Endries,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Holly E. Erskine,Babak Eshrati,Alireza Esteghamati,Saman Fahimi,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Talha Farid,Carla Sofia e Sa Farinha,André Faro,Maryam S. Farvid,Farshad Farzadfar,Valery L. Feigin,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Jefferson G Fernandes,Florian Fischer,Joseph R Fitchett,Thomas Fleming,Nataliya Foigt,Kyle J Foreman,F Gerry R Fowkes,Richard C. Franklin,Thomas Fürst,Neal D. Futran,Emmanuela Gakidou,Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro,Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot,Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Bradford D. Gessner,Ababi Zergaw Giref,Maurice Giroud,Melkamu Dedefo Gishu,Giorgia Giussani,Shifalika Goenka,Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera,Héctor Gómez-Dantés,Philimon Gona,Amador Goodridge,Sameer Vali Gopalani,Carolyn C. Gotay,Atsushi Goto,Hebe N. Gouda,Harish Chander Gugnani,Francis Guillemin,Yuming Guo,Rashmi Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Reyna A Gutiérrez,Juanita A. Haagsma,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Demewoz Haile,Gessessew Bugssa Hailu,Yara A. Halasa,Randah R. Hamadeh,Samer Hamidi,Alexis J Handal,Graeme J. Hankey,Yuantao Hao,Hilda L Harb,Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan,Josep Maria Haro,Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand,Tahir Ahmed Hassen,Rasmus Havmoeller,Ileana Heredia-Pi,Norberto Francisco Hernández-Llanes,Pouria Heydarpour,Hans W. Hoek,Howard J. Hoffman,Masako Horino,Nobuyuki Horita,H. Dean Hosgood,Damian G Hoy,Mohamed Hsairi,Aung Soe Htet,Guoqing Hu,John J Huang,Abdullatif Husseini,Sally Hutchings,Inge Huybrechts,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Bulat Idrisov,Bogdan Vasile Ileanu,Manami Inoue,Troy Jacobs,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Nader Jahanmehr,Mihajlo Jakovljevic,Henrica A. F. M. Jansen,Simerjot K. Jassal,Mehdi Javanbakht,Sudha Jayaraman,Achala Upendra Jayatilleke,Sun Ha Jee,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Vivekanand Jha,Ying Jiang,Tariku Jibat,Ye Jin,Catherine O. Johnson,Jost B. Jonas,Zubair Kabir,Yogeshwar Kalkonde,Ritul Kamal,Haidong Kan,André Karch,Corine Karema,Chante Karimkhani,Amir Kasaeian,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Dhruv S. Kazi,Peter Njenga Keiyoro,Laura Kemmer,Andrew H. Kemp,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran,Yousef Khader,Abdur Rahman Khan,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Gulfaraz Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Shahab Khatibzadeh,Sahil Khera,Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer Khoja,Jagdish Khubchandani,Christian Kieling,Cho-il Kim,Daniel Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Niranjan Kissoon,Miia Kivipelto,Luke D. Knibbs,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Jacek A Kopec,Parvaiz A Koul,Ai Koyanagi,Michael Kravchenko,Hans Kromhout,Hans Krueger,Tiffany Ku,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Ricardo de Souza Kuchenbecker,Burcu Kucuk Bicer,Ernst J Kuipers,G Anil Kumar,Gene F. Kwan,Dharmesh Kumar Lal,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Qing Lan,Anders Larsson,Asma Abdul Latif,Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz,Janet L Leasher,James Leigh,Janni Leung,Miriam Levi,Xiaohong Li,Yichong Li,Juan Liang,Shiwei Liu,Belinda K Lloyd,Giancarlo Logroscino,Paulo A. Lotufo,Raimundas Lunevicius,Michael F. MacIntyre,Mahdi Mahdavi,Marek Majdan,Azeem Majeed,Reza Malekzadeh,Deborah Carvalho Malta,Wondimu Ayele Manamo,Chabila C Mapoma,Wagner Marcenes,Randall V. Martin,Jose Martinez-Raga,Felix Masiye,Kunihiro Matsushita,Richard Matzopoulos,Bongani M. Mayosi,John J. McGrath,Martin McKee,Peter A. Meaney,Catalina Medina,Alem Mehari,Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez,Alemayehu B. Mekonnen,Yohannes Adama Melaku,Ziad A. Memish,Walter Mendoza,Gert B. M. Mensink,Atte Meretoja,Tuomo J. Meretoja,Yonatan Moges Mesfin,Francis Apolinary Mhimbira,Anoushka Millear,Ted R. Miller,Edward J Mills,Mojde Mirarefin,Awoke Misganaw,Charles N Mock,Alireza Mohammadi,Shafiu Mohammed,Glen Mola,Lorenzo Monasta,Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez,Marcella Montico,Lidia Morawska,Rintaro Mori,Dariush Mozaffarian,Ulrich O Mueller,Erin C Mullany,John Everett Mumford,Gudlavalleti V S Murthy,Jean B. Nachega,Aliya Naheed,Vinay Nangia,Nariman Nassiri,John N Newton,Marie Ng,Quyen Nguyen,Muhammad Imran Nisar,Patrick Martial Nkamedjie Pete,Ole Frithjof Norheim,Rosana E. Norman,Bo Norrving,Luke Nyakarahuka,Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer,Felix Akpojene Ogbo,In-Hwan Oh,Olanrewaju Oladimeji,Pedro R. Olivares,Helen E Olsen,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,Jacob Olusegun Olusanya,John Nelson Opio,Eyal Oren,Ricardo Orozco,Alberto Ortiz,Erika Ota,Mahesh Pa,Adrian Pana,Eun-Kee Park,Charles D. H. Parry,Mahboubeh Parsaeian,Tejas Patel,Angel J Paternina Caicedo,Snehal Patil,Scott B. Patten,George C Patton,Neil Pearce,David M. Pereira,Norberto Perico,Konrad Pesudovs,Max Petzold,Michael R. Phillips,Frédéric B. Piel,Julian David Pillay,Dietrich Plass,Suzanne Polinder,Constance D. Pond,C. Arden Pope,Daniel Pope,Svetlana Popova,Richie G Poulton,Farshad Pourmalek,Noela M Prasad,Mostafa Qorbani,Rynaz H S Rabiee,Amir Radfar,Anwar Rafay,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar,Mahfuzar Rahman,Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman,Sajjad Ur Rahman,Rajesh Kumar Rai,Sasa Rajsic,Murugesan Raju,Usha Ram,Saleem M Rana,Kavitha Ranganathan,Puja Rao,Christian Aspacia Razo García,Amany H Refaat,Colin D. Rehm,Jürgen Rehm,Nikolas Reinig,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Serge Resnikoff,Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro,Juan A Rivera,Hirbo Shore Roba,Alina Rodriguez,Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez,David Rojas-Rueda,Yesenia Roman,Luca Ronfani,Gholamreza Roshandel,Dietrich Rothenbacher,Ambuj Roy,Muhammad Muhammad Saleh,Juan Sanabria,Lidia Sanchez-Riera,Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño,Tania G Sánchez-Pimienta,Logan Sandar,Damian Santomauro,Itamar S. Santos,Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez,Benn Sartorius,Maheswar Satpathy,Miloje Savic,Monika Sawhney,Josef Schmidhuber,Maria Inês Schmidt,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Ben Schöttker,Aletta E. Schutte,David C. Schwebel,James Scott,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Edson Serván-Mori,Gavin Shaddick,Amira Shaheen,Saeid Shahraz,Masood Ali Shaikh,Teresa Shamah Levy,Rajesh Sharma,Jun She,Sara Sheikhbahaei,Jiabin Shen,Kevin N. Sheth,Peilin Shi,Kenji Shibuya,Mika Shigematsu,Min-Jeong Shin,Rahman Shiri,Kawkab Shishani,Ivy Shiue,Mark G. Shrime,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Diego Augusto Santos Silva,Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira,Jonathan I. Silverberg,Edgar P. Simard,Shireen Sindi,Abhishek Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,Prashant Singh,Erica Leigh Slepak,Michael Soljak,Samir Soneji,Reed J D Sorensen,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Nadine Steckling,Nicholas Steel,Dan J. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Heidi Stöckl,Saverio Stranges,Konstantinos Stroumpoulis,Bruno F. Sunguya,Soumya Swaminathan,Bryan L. Sykes,Cassandra Szoeke,Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos,Ken Takahashi,Roberto Tchio Talongwa,Nikhil Tandon,David Tanne,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Belaynew Wasie Taye,Hugh R. Taylor,Bemnet Amare Tedla,Worku Tefera,Teketo Kassaw Tegegne,Dejen Yemane Tekle,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,JS Thakur,Bernadette Thomas,Matthew L. Thomas,Alan J Thomson,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Amanda G. Thrift,George D Thurston,Taavi Tillmann,Ruoyan Tobe-Gai,Myriam Tobollik,Roman Topor-Madry,Fotis Topouzis,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Bach Xuan Tran,Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene,Nikolaos Tsilimparis,Abera Kenay Tura,Emin Murat Tuzcu,Stefanos Tyrovolas,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Eduardo A. Undurraga,Chigozie Jesse Uneke,Olalekan A. Uthman,Aaron van Donkelaar,Jim van Os,Yuri Y Varakin,Tommi Vasankari,J. Lennert Veerman,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Francesco Saverio Violante,Stein Emil Vollset,Gregory R Wagner,Stephen G. Waller,JianLi Wang,Linhong Wang,Yanping Wang,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Andrea Werdecker,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,Tissa Wijeratne,Charles Shey Wiysonge,Charles D.A. Wolfe,Sungho Won,Anthony D. Woolf,Mamo Wubshet,Denis Xavier,Gelin Xu,Ajit Kumar Yadav,Bereket Yakob,Ayalnesh Zemene Yalew,Yuichiro Yano,Mehdi Yaseri,Pengpeng Ye,Paul S. F. Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Chuanhua Yu,Zoubida Zaidi,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Jun Zhu,Ben Zipkin,Sanjay Zodpey,Liesl Zühlke,Christopher J L Murray +653 more
TL;DR: The comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 was used to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries
TL;DR: Rapid increases in the rates of obesity and overweight are widely documented, from urban and rural areas in the poorest countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia to populations in countries with higher income levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994
TL;DR: Between 1976–80 and 1988–94, the prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30.0) increased markedly in the US, in agreement with trends seen elsewhere in the world.
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Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"?
TL;DR: Current developments in the study of diabetes mellitus suggest an explanation with important biological ramifications, and changes in the environment are responsible for the increase.
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Socioeconomic Status and Obesity: A Review of the Literature
Jeffery Sobal,Albert J. Stunkard +1 more
TL;DR: A review of 144 published studies of the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity reveals a strong inverse relationship among women in developed societies and values congruent with the distribution of obesity by SES in different societies.
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The Epidemiologic Transition: A Theory of the Epidemiology of Population Change
TL;DR: A theory of epidemiologic transition, sensitive to the formulations of population theorists who have stressed the demographic, biologic, sociologic, economic and psychologic ramifications of transitional processes, was conceived by this author less than four years ago.
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Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and current implications
S B Eaton,Melvin Konner +1 more
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The fourth stage of the epidemiologic transition: the age of delayed degenerative diseases.
Stuart J. Olshansky,A. B. Ault +1 more
TL;DR: Recent trends in cause-specific mortality suggest a distinct new stage, one of postponement of degenerative diseases, in the United States since the mid-nineteenth century.