Autophagy in stem cells
Jun-Lin Guan,Anna Katharina Simon,Mark Prescott,Javier A. Menendez,Fei Liu,Fen Wang,Chenran Wang,Ernst J. Wolvetang,Alejandro Vazquez-Martin,Jue Zhang +9 more
TLDR
A comprehensive review of the current understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in embryonic stem cells, several tissue stem cells (particularly hematopoietic stem cells), as well as a number of cancer stem cells is provided.Abstract:
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. As a major intracellular degradation and recycling pathway, autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis as well as remodeling during normal development, and dysfunctions in autophagy have been associated with a variety of pathologies including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative disease. Stem cells are unique in their ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cells in the body, which are important in development, tissue renewal and a range of disease processes. Therefore, it is predicted that autophagy would be crucial for the quality control mechanisms and maintenance of cellular homeostasis in various stem cells given their relatively long life in the organisms. In contrast to the extensive body of knowledge available for somatic cells, the role of autophagy in the maintenance and function of stem cells is only beginning to be revealed as a result of recent studies. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in embryonic stem cells, several tissue stem cells (particularly hematopoietic stem cells), as well as a number of cancer stem cells. We discuss how recent studies of different knockout mice models have defined the roles of various autophagy genes and related pathways in the regulation of the maintenance, expansion and differentiation of various stem cells. We also highlight the many unanswered questions that will help to drive further research at the intersection of autophagy and stem cell biology in the near future.read more
Citations
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Evidence for an Alternative Glycolytic Pathway in Rapidly Proliferating Cells
Matthew G. Vander Heiden,Matthew G. Vander Heiden,Jason W. Locasale,Jason W. Locasale,Kenneth D. Swanson,Hadar Sharfi,Gregory J. Heffron,Daniel Amador-Noguez,Heather R. Christofk,Gerhard Wagner,Joshua D. Rabinowitz,John M. Asara,Lewis C. Cantley,Lewis C. Cantley +13 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) can act as a phosphate donor in mammalian cells because PEP participates in the phosphorylation of the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM1) in PKM2-expressing cells.
Journal ArticleDOI
Autophagy in major human diseases
Daniel J. Klionsky,Giulia Petroni,Ravi K. Amaravadi,Eric H. Baehrecke,Andrea Ballabio,Andrea Ballabio,Patricia Boya,José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro,Ken Cadwell,Francesco Cecconi,Francesco Cecconi,Augustine M.K. Choi,Augustine M.K. Choi,Mary E. Choi,Mary E. Choi,Charleen T. Chu,Patrice Codogno,Patrice Codogno,María Isabel Colombo,Ana Maria Cuervo,Vojo Deretic,Ivan Dikic,Zvulun Elazar,Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen,Gian Maria Fimia,David A. Gewirtz,Douglas R. Green,Malene Hansen,Marja Jäättelä,Terje Johansen,Gábor Juhász,Vassiliki Karantza,Claudine Kraft,Guido Kroemer,Nicholas T. Ktistakis,Sharad Kumar,Sharad Kumar,Carlos López-Otín,Kay F. Macleod,Frank Madeo,Jennifer Martinez,Alicia Meléndez,Alicia Meléndez,Noboru Mizushima,Christian Münz,Josef M. Penninger,Josef M. Penninger,Rushika M. Perera,Mauro Piacentini,Mauro Piacentini,Fulvio Reggiori,David C. Rubinsztein,Kevin M. Ryan,Junichi Sadoshima,Laura Santambrogio,Luca Scorrano,Hans-Uwe Simon,Hans-Uwe Simon,Anna Katharina Simon,Anne Simonsen,Anne Simonsen,Alexandra Stolz,Nektarios Tavernarakis,Nektarios Tavernarakis,Sharon A. Tooze,Tamotsu Yoshimori,Junying Yuan,Junying Yuan,Zhenyu Yue,Qing Zhong,Lorenzo Galluzzi,Federico Pietrocola +71 more
TL;DR: In this paper, preclinical data linking autophagy dysfunction to the pathogenesis of major human disorders including cancer as well as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, pulmonary, renal, infectious, musculoskeletal, and ocular disorders.
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A role for cancer stem cells in therapy resistance: cellular and molecular mechanisms.
TL;DR: The mechanisms of CSC-related therapy resistance including drug efflux by ABC transporters, activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase and developmental pathways, enhanced DNA damage response, autophagy and microenvironmental conditions are described, and possible therapeutic strategies for improving cancer treatment are discussed.
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells : a coalition against cancer therapies
TL;DR: The EMT process may facilitate the generation of cancer cells with the mesenchymal traits needed for dissemination as well as the self-renewal properties needed for initiation of secondary tumors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Autophagy is a critical regulator of memory CD8(+) T cell formation.
Daniel J. Puleston,Hanlin Zhang,Timothy J. Powell,Elina Lipina,Stuart Sims,Isabel Panse,Alexander Scarth Watson,Vincenzo Cerundolo,Alain Townsend,Paul Klenerman,Anna Katharina Simon +10 more
TL;DR: A cell intrinsic explanation for poor CD8+ T cell memory in the elderly is revealed and potentially offers novel immune modulators to improve aged immunity.
References
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