Journal ArticleDOI
Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research
TLDR
The authors investigated factors that affect translation quality and how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated through an analysis of variance design, and concluded that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target translations are studied.Abstract:
Two aspects of translation were investigated: (1) factors that affect translation quality, and (2) how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated. The variables of language, content, and difficulty were studied through an analysis of variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from the University of Guam, representing ten languages, translated or back-translated six essays incorporating three content areas and two levels of difficulty. The five criteria for equivalence were based on comparisons of meaning or predictions of similar responses to original or translated versions. The factors of content, difficulty, language and content-language interaction were significant, and the five equivalence criteria proved workable. Conclusions are that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target versions are studied.read more
Citations
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Guanxi and leader member relationships between American managers and Chinese employees : open-minded dialogue as mediator
Nancy Yi-Feng Chen,Dean Tjosvold +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of Chinese employees from various industries in China were surveyed on their relationships (leadership-member relationship and personal guanxi) with American and Chinese managers, their constructive controversy with them, and the job assignments and promotions received from their managers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reducing conflict in balanced scorecard evaluations
TL;DR: Ittner et al. as mentioned in this paper hypothesize that individuals in the top-manager role do not take into account strategy effectiveness unless they are explicitly required to do so, while individuals in a store-managing role automatically consider the quality of strategy without being prompted to do it.
Journal ArticleDOI
Applying Hofstede’s National Culture Measures in Tourism Research: Illuminating Issues of Divergence and Convergence
Yvette Reisinger,John C. Crotts +1 more
TL;DR: This article found that between-nation differences are relatively small when compared to the within-nation variability, indicating that subcultures do exist in sub-national cultures, and that international regions that cluster closely together, demonstrating that national cult...
Journal ArticleDOI
Innovation activities during intra-family leadership succession in family firms: An empirical study from a socioemotional wealth perspective☆
Jana Hauck,Reinhard Prügl +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated how socioemotional factors are related to the owner-manager's perception of the intra-family leadership succession phase as an opportunity for innovation activities in family firms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Developing Multiple Language Versions of Instruments for Intercultural Research
TL;DR: The strengths and weaknesses of several translation techniques currently in use through the lens of emerging opinions on the science and ethics of intercultural research are examined.
References
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Book
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the principles of estimation and inference: means and variance, means and variations, and means and variance of estimators and inferors, and the analysis of factorial experiments having repeated measures on the same element.
Journal ArticleDOI
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design
TL;DR: This chapter discusses design and analysis of single-Factor Experiments: Completely Randomized Design and Factorial Experiments in which Some of the Interactions are Confounded.
Book
Toward a science of translating
TL;DR: Toward a Science of Translating as mentioned in this paper describes the major components of translating; setting the translating into the context of historical changes in principles and procedures over the last two centuries.
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