Journal ArticleDOI
Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research
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TLDR
The authors investigated factors that affect translation quality and how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated through an analysis of variance design, and concluded that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target translations are studied.Abstract:
Two aspects of translation were investigated: (1) factors that affect translation quality, and (2) how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated. The variables of language, content, and difficulty were studied through an analysis of variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from the University of Guam, representing ten languages, translated or back-translated six essays incorporating three content areas and two levels of difficulty. The five criteria for equivalence were based on comparisons of meaning or predictions of similar responses to original or translated versions. The factors of content, difficulty, language and content-language interaction were significant, and the five equivalence criteria proved workable. Conclusions are that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target versions are studied.read more
Citations
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Predictors of positive and negative appraisal among Cuban American caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients.
Dylan G. Harwood,Warren W. Barker,Warren W. Barker,Raymond L. Ownby,Raymond L. Ownby,Marina Bravo,Marina Bravo,Hilda Aguero,Hilda Aguero,Ranjan Duara,Ranjan Duara +10 more
TL;DR: This study investigated predictors of positive (satisfaction) and negative (burden) appraisal among Cuban American caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients.
Journal ArticleDOI
Students' attitudes to animal welfare and rights in Europe and Asia
Clive J. C. Phillips,Serdar Izmirli,Seyed Javid Aldavood,M. E. Alonso,B.I. Choe,Alison Hanlon,Anastasija Handziska,Gudrun Illmann,Linda J. Keeling,Mark Kennedy,G.H. Lee,Vonne Lund,Cecilie Marie Mejdell,V.R. Pelagic,Therese Rehn +14 more
TL;DR: There were national and continental differences in European and Asian students' attitudes to animals' welfare and rights, which appear to arise as a result of the socio-political situation in regions rather than religious or other differences.
Journal ArticleDOI
Do beliefs make a difference? Exploring how principal self-efficacy and instructional leadership impact teacher efficacy and commitment in Iran
TL;DR: Although the knowledge base on instructional leadership is quite well developed in Western societies empirical studies have only recently begun to emerge in the developing societies of Asia, Africa, and India as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Early childhood feeding: assessing knowledge, attitude, and practices of multi-ethnic child-care providers.
TL;DR: This study points to differences among providers based on ethnicity, and strongly recommends recruiting Hispanic child-care providers to participate in educational programs and community efforts to prevent obesity.
Journal ArticleDOI
A cross-cultural study of organizational factors on safety: Japanese vs. Taiwanese oil refinery plants
TL;DR: Results indicate that the influence mechanisms of organizational factors in Taiwan and Japan are different, and provide insights into areas of safety improvement in emerging countries and developed countries respectively.
References
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Book
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the principles of estimation and inference: means and variance, means and variations, and means and variance of estimators and inferors, and the analysis of factorial experiments having repeated measures on the same element.
Journal ArticleDOI
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design
TL;DR: This chapter discusses design and analysis of single-Factor Experiments: Completely Randomized Design and Factorial Experiments in which Some of the Interactions are Confounded.
Book
Toward a science of translating
TL;DR: Toward a Science of Translating as mentioned in this paper describes the major components of translating; setting the translating into the context of historical changes in principles and procedures over the last two centuries.
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