Journal ArticleDOI
Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research
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The authors investigated factors that affect translation quality and how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated through an analysis of variance design, and concluded that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target translations are studied.Abstract:
Two aspects of translation were investigated: (1) factors that affect translation quality, and (2) how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated. The variables of language, content, and difficulty were studied through an analysis of variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from the University of Guam, representing ten languages, translated or back-translated six essays incorporating three content areas and two levels of difficulty. The five criteria for equivalence were based on comparisons of meaning or predictions of similar responses to original or translated versions. The factors of content, difficulty, language and content-language interaction were significant, and the five equivalence criteria proved workable. Conclusions are that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target versions are studied.read more
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Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings
Richard A. Klein,Michelangelo Vianello,Fred Hasselman,Byron G. Adams,Reginald B. Adams,Sinan Alper,Mark Aveyard,Jordan Axt,Mayowa T. Babalola,Štěpán Bahník,Rishtee Batra,Mihály Berkics,Michael J. Bernstein,Daniel R. Berry,Olga Bialobrzeska,Evans Dami Binan,Konrad Bocian,Mark J. Brandt,Robert Busching,Anna Cabak Rédei,Huajian Cai,Fanny Cambier,Katarzyna Cantarero,Cheryl L. Carmichael,Francisco Ceric,Jesse Chandler,Jen-Ho Chang,Armand Chatard,Eva E. Chen,Winnee Cheong,David C. Cicero,Sharon Coen,Jennifer A. Coleman,Brian Collisson,Morgan Conway,Katherine S. Corker,Paul G. Curran,Fiery Cushman,Zubairu K. Dagona,Ilker Dalgar,Anna Dalla Rosa,William E. Davis,Maaike J. de Bruijn,Leander De Schutter,Thierry Devos,Marieke de Vries,Marieke de Vries,Canay Doğulu,Nerisa Dozo,Kristin Nicole Dukes,Yarrow Dunham,Kevin Durrheim,Charles R. Ebersole,John E. Edlund,Anja Eller,Alexander S. English,Carolyn Finck,Natalia Frankowska,Miguel-Ángel Freyre,Mike Friedman,Elisa Maria Galliani,Joshua C. Gandi,Tanuka Ghoshal,Steffen R. Giessner,Tripat Gill,Timo Gnambs,Ángel Gómez,Roberto González,Jesse Graham,Jon Grahe,Ivan Grahek,Eva G. T. Green,Kakul Hai,Matthew Haigh,Elizabeth L. Haines,Michael P. Hall,Marie E. Heffernan,Joshua A. Hicks,Petr Houdek,Jeffrey R. Huntsinger,Ho Phi Huynh,Hans IJzerman,Yoel Inbar,Åse Innes-Ker,William Jiménez-Leal,Melissa-Sue John,Jennifer A. Joy-Gaba,Roza G. Kamiloğlu,Heather Barry Kappes,Serdar Karabati,Haruna Karick,Victor N. Keller,Anna Kende,Nicolas Kervyn,Goran Knežević,Carrie Kovacs,Lacy E. Krueger,German Kurapov,Jamie Kurtz,Daniel Lakens,Ljiljana B. Lazarević,Carmel A. Levitan,Neil A. Lewis,Samuel Lincoln Bezerra Lins,Nikolette P. Lipsey,Joy E. Losee,Esther Maassen,Angela T. Maitner,Winfrida Malingumu,Robyn K. Mallett,Satia A. Marotta,Janko Međedović,Fernando Mena-pacheco,Taciano L. Milfont,Wendy L. Morris,Sean C. Murphy,Andriy Myachykov,Nick Neave,Koen Ilja Neijenhuijs,Anthony J. Nelson,Félix Neto,Austin Lee Nichols,Aaron Ocampo,Susan L. O'Donnell,Haruka Oikawa,Masanori Oikawa,Elsie Ong,Gábor Orosz,Małgorzata Osowiecka,Grant Packard,Rolando Pérez-Sánchez,Boban Petrović,Ronaldo Pilati,Brad Pinter,Lysandra Podesta,Gabrielle Pogge,Monique Pollmann,Abraham M. Rutchick,Patricio Saavedra,Alexander K. Saeri,Erika Salomon,Kathleen Schmidt,Felix D. Schönbrodt,Maciej Sekerdej,David Sirlopú,Jeanine L. M. Skorinko,Michael A. Smith,Vanessa Smith-Castro,Karin C.H.J. Smolders,Agata Sobkow,Walter Sowden,Philipp Spachtholz,Manini Srivastava,Troy G. Steiner,Jeroen Stouten,Chris N. H. Street,Oskar K. Sundfelt,Stephanie Szeto,Ewa Szumowska,Andrew C. W. Tang,Norbert K. Tanzer,Morgan J. Tear,Jordan Theriault,Manuela Thomae,David Torres,Jakub Traczyk,Joshua M. Tybur,Adrienn Ujhelyi,Robbie C. M. van Aert,Marcel A.L.M. van Assen,Marije van der Hulst,Paul A. M. Van Lange,Anna van 't Veer,Alejandro Vásquez Echeverría,Leigh Ann Vaughn,Alexandra Vázquez,Luis Diego Vega,Catherine Verniers,Mark Verschoor,Ingrid P. J. Voermans,Marek A. Vranka,Cheryl Alyssa Welch,Aaron L. Wichman,Lisa A. Williams,Michael Wood,Julie A. Woodzicka,Marta Wrońska,Liane Young,John M. Zelenski,Zeng Zhijia,Brian A. Nosek +190 more
TL;DR: This paper conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings, and found that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the task were administered in lab versus online.
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Outcomes of Perceived Discrimination Among Hispanic Employees: Is Diversity Management a Luxury or a Necessity?
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Journal ArticleDOI
Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more vulnerable than the East?
Steven J. Heine,Darrin R. Lehman +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that self-enhancing biases (such as unrealistic optimism) are absent from the motivational repertoire of Japanese because the consequent attention to the individual that selfenhancement engenders is not valued in interdependent cultures.
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Cross-National Differences in Risk Preference and Lay Predictions
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References
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Book
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Journal ArticleDOI
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