Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force
Jérôme Galon,Franck Pagès,Francesco M. Marincola,Francesco M. Marincola,Helen K. Angell,Helen K. Angell,Magdalena Thurin,Alessandro Lugli,Inti Zlobec,Anne Berger,Carlo Bifulco,Gerardo Botti,Fabiana Tatangelo,Cedrik M. Britten,Sebastian Kreiter,Lotfi Chouchane,Paolo Delrio,Hartmann Arndt,Martin Asslaber,Michele Maio,Giuseppe Masucci,Martin C. Mihm,Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha,James P. Allison,Sacha Gnjatic,Leif Håkansson,Christoph Huber,Harpreet Singh-Jasuja,Christian H. Ottensmeier,Heinz Zwierzina,Luigi Laghi,Fabio Grizzi,Pamela S. Ohashi,Patricia Shaw,Blaise Clarke,Bradly G. Wouters,Yutaka Kawakami,Shoichi Hazama,Kiyotaka Okuno,Ena Wang,Jill O'Donnell-Tormey,Christine Lagorce,Graham Pawelec,Michael I. Nishimura,Robert E. Hawkins,Réjean Lapointe,Andreas Lundqvist,Samir N. Khleif,Shuji Ogino,Peter Gibbs,Paul Waring,Noriyuki Sato,Toshihiko Torigoe,Kyogo Itoh,P. Patel,Shilin N. Shukla,Richard Palmqvist,Iris D. Nagtegaal,Yili Wang,Corrado D'Arrigo,Scott Kopetz,Frank A. Sinicrope,Giorgio Trinchieri,Thomas F. Gajewski,Thomas F. Gajewski,Paolo A. Ascierto,Bernard A. Fox,Bernard A. Fox,Bernard A. Fox +68 more
TLDR
Evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy, into traditional classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune), and introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers will facilitate clinical decision-making.Abstract:
Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature has alluded to the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Thus, evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the 'Immunoscore' into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers, as part of routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors, will facilitate clinical decision-making including rational stratification of patient treatment. Equally, the inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variation across laboratories, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent region selection criteria, and variable ways to quantify immune infiltration, all underline the urgent requirement to reach assay harmonization. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. This review represents a follow-up of the announcement of this initiative, and of the J Transl Med. editorial from January 2012. Immunophenotyping of tumors may provide crucial novel prognostic information. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment
TL;DR: Two broad categories of tumor escape based on cellular and molecular characteristics of the tumor microenvironment are suggested, which appear to resist immune attack through immune system exclusion or ignorance and may require distinct immunotherapeutic interventions for maximal therapeutic effect.
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Comprehensive analyses of tumor immunity: implications for cancer immunotherapy
Bo Li,Eric Severson,Eric Severson,Jean-Christophe Pignon,Haoquan Zhao,Taiwen Li,Jesse Novak,Peng Jiang,Hui Shen,Jon C. Aster,Scott J. Rodig,Sabina Signoretti,Jun Liu,X. Shirley Liu +13 more
TL;DR: A computational approach to study tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their interactions with cancer cells is developed and may inform effective cancer vaccine and checkpoint blockade therapies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Towards the introduction of the 'Immunoscore' in the classification of malignant tumours.
Jérôme Galon,Jérôme Galon,Jérôme Galon,Bernhard Mlecnik,Bernhard Mlecnik,Bernhard Mlecnik,Gabriela Bindea,Gabriela Bindea,Gabriela Bindea,Helen K. Angell,Helen K. Angell,Helen K. Angell,Anne Berger,Christine Lagorce,Alessandro Lugli,Inti Zlobec,Arndt Hartmann,Carlo Bifulco,Iris D. Nagtegaal,Richard Palmqvist,Giuseppe Masucci,Gerardo Botti,Fabiana Tatangelo,Paolo Delrio,Michele Maio,Luigi Laghi,Fabio Grizzi,Martin Asslaber,Corrado D'Arrigo,Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha,Eva Zavadova,Lotfi Chouchane,Pamela S. Ohashi,Sara Hafezi-Bakhtiari,Bradly G. Wouters,Michael H.A. Roehrl,Linh V. Nguyen,Yutaka Kawakami,Shoichi Hazama,Kiyotaka Okuno,Shuji Ogino,Peter Gibbs,Paul Waring,Noriyuki Sato,Toshihiko Torigoe,Kyogo Itoh,P. Patel,Shilin N. Shukla,Yili Wang,Scott Kopetz,Frank A. Sinicrope,Viorel Scripcariu,Paolo A. Ascierto,Francesco M. Marincola,Bernard A. Fox,Bernard A. Fox,Franck Pagès +56 more
TL;DR: In colorectal cancer, the Immunoscore may add to the significance of the current AJCC/UICC TNM classification, since it has been demonstrated to be a prognostic factor superior to the AJCC or UICCTNM classification.
Journal ArticleDOI
Combination cancer immunotherapy and new immunomodulatory targets.
TL;DR: The leading drug targets that are expressed on tumour cells and in the tumour microenvironment that allow enhancement of the antitumour immune response are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neutralizing Tumor-Promoting Chronic Inflammation: A Magic Bullet?
TL;DR: Clinical and experimental studies delineating protumorigenic roles for immune cell subsets that are players in cancer-associated inflammation are discussed, leading to resolution, or at least neutralization, of cancer-promoting chronic inflammation, thereby facilitating cancer rejection.
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Type, Density, and Location of Immune Cells Within Human Colorectal Tumors Predict Clinical Outcome
Jérôme Galon,Anne Costes,Fátima Sánchez-Cabo,Amos Kirilovsky,Bernhard Mlecnik,Christine Lagorce-Pagès,Marie Tosolini,Matthieu Camus,Anne Berger,Philippe Wind,Franck Zinzindohoué,Patrick Bruneval,Paul-Henri Cugnenc,Zlatko Trajanoski,Wolf H. Fridman,Franck Pagès +15 more
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Wolf H. Fridman,Franck Pagès,Catherine Sautès-Fridman,Catherine Sautès-Fridman,Catherine Sautès-Fridman,Jérôme Galon +5 more
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