Extracellular vesicles including exosomes are mediators of signal transduction: are they protective or pathogenic?
TLDR
The involvement of EVs as mediators of signal transduction in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer is discussed and the role of EVs in mediating Wnt and PI3K signaling pathways is also discussed.Abstract:
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are signaling organelles that are released by many cell types and is highly conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Based on the mechanism of biogenesis, these membranous vesicles can be classified as exosomes, shedding microvesicles, and apoptotic blebs. It is becoming clearer that these EVs mediate signal transduction in both autocrine and paracrine fashion by the transfer of proteins and RNA. While the role of EVs including exosomes in pathogenesis is well established, very little is known about their function in normal physiological conditions. Recent evidences allude that EVs can mediate both protective and pathogenic effects depending on the precise state. In this review, we discuss the involvement of EVs as mediators of signal transduction in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, the role of EVs in mediating Wnt and PI3K signaling pathways is also discussed. Additional findings on the involvement of EVs in homeostasis and disease progression will promote a better biological understanding, advance future therapeutic, and diagnostic applications.read more
Citations
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Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential
TL;DR: The potential use of exosomes as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for their cell-lineage and state-specific contents, and possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery are focused on.
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ExoCarta: A Web-Based Compendium of Exosomal Cargo
Shivakumar Keerthikumar,David Chisanga,Dinuka Ariyaratne,Haidar Al Saffar,Sushma Anand,Kening Zhao,Monisha Samuel,Mohashin Pathan,Markandeya Jois,Naveen Chilamkurti,Lahiru Gangoda,Suresh Mathivanan +11 more
TL;DR: ExoCarta is described, a manually curated Web-based compendium of exosomal proteins, RNAs and lipids, which features dynamic protein-protein interaction networks and biological pathways of exOSomal proteins.
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Tumor microenvironment derived exosomes pleiotropically modulate cancer cell metabolism
Hongyun Zhao,Lifeng Yang,Joelle Baddour,Abhinav Achreja,Vincent Bernard,Tyler J. Moss,Juan C. Marini,Thavisha Tudawe,Elena G. Seviour,F. Anthony San Lucas,Héctor M. Alvarez,Sonal Gupta,Sourindra Maiti,Laurence J.N. Cooper,Donna M. Peehl,Prahlad T. Ram,Anirban Maitra,Deepak Nagrath +17 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that exosomes secreted by patient-derived CAFs can strikingly reprogram the metabolic machinery following their uptake by cancer cells, and that CAF-derived exosome (CDEs) inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, thereby increasing glycolysis and glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation in cancer cells.
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Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Introducing the Next Small Big Thing
TL;DR: This review serves as an introductory overview of EVs, their biogenesis and molecular composition, and their physiological roles are still ill-defined.
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Extracellular vesicles round off communication in the nervous system
TL;DR: These extracellular vesicle functions add a previously unrecognized level of complexity to transcellular interactions within the nervous system.
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