Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential
TLDR
The potential use of exosomes as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for their cell-lineage and state-specific contents, and possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery are focused on.Abstract:
Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles released into surrounding body fluids upon fusion of multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane. They were shown to carry cell-specific cargos of proteins, lipids, and genetic materials, and can be selectively taken up by neighboring or distant cells far from their release, reprogramming the recipient cells upon their bioactive compounds. Therefore, the regulated formation of exosomes, specific makeup of their cargo, cell-targeting specificity are of immense biological interest considering extremely high potential of exosomes as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic nanocarriers. In present review, we outline and discuss recent progress in the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, the molecular composition of exosomes, and technologies used in exosome research. Furthermore, we focus on the potential use of exosomes as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for their cell-lineage and state-specific contents, and possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery. Exosome research is now in its infancy, in-depth understanding of subcellular components and mechanisms involved in exosome formation and specific cell-targeting will bring light on their physiological activities.read more
Citations
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The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the most up-to-date know-kedge about the complex biological journey of exosomes from biogenesis and secretion, transport and uptake to their intracellular signalling.
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Progress, opportunity, and perspective on exosome isolation - efforts for efficient exosome-based theranostics.
Dongbin Yang,Weihong Zhang,Huanyun Zhang,Fengqiu Zhang,Lanmei Chen,Lixia Ma,Leon M Larcher,Suxiang Chen,Nan Liu,Qingxia Zhao,Phuong H.L. Tran,Changying Chen,Rakesh N. Veedu,Tao Wang,Tao Wang +14 more
TL;DR: A panoramic view of current exosome isolation techniques is provided, providing perspectives toward the development of novel approaches for high-efficient exosomes isolation from various types of biological matrices.
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Long non-coding RNAs: From disease code to drug role.
TL;DR: This paper has reviewed the transition of lncRNAs from the role of disease coding to acting as drug candidates, including the current status and progress in preclinical research, and cutting-edge strategies for lncRNA modulation have been summarized.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Challenges in Clinical Applications
TL;DR: Light is shed on the challenges faced in MSC-EV research in translating successful preclinical studies to clinical platforms and several critical issues such as production methods, quantification and characterization, pharmacokinetics, targeting and transfer to the target sites, and safety profile assessments need to be resolved.
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Medical Micro/Nanorobots in Precision Medicine.
TL;DR: The use of micro and nanorobots in precision medicine still faces technical, regulatory, and market challenges for their widespread use in clinical settings, Nevertheless, recent translations from proof of concept to in vivo studies demonstrate their potential toward precision medicine.
References
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Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells
TL;DR: It is shown that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be delivered to another cell, and can be functional in this new location, and it is proposed that this RNA is called “exosomal shuttle RNA” (esRNA).
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