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Major glycan structure underlying expression of the Lewis X epitope in the developing brain is O-mannose-linked glycans on phosphacan/RPTPβ.

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TLDR
The results revealed the importance of O-mannosylated glycan chains in the presentation of functional glycan epitopes in the brain.
Abstract
Glycosylation is a major protein modification. Although proteins are glycosylated/further modulated by several glycosyltransferases during trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, a certain glycan epitope has only been detected on a limited number of proteins. Of these glycan epitopes, Lewis X is highly expressed in the early stage of a developing brain and plays important roles in cell-cell interaction. The Lewis X epitope is comprised of a trisaccharide (Galβ1-4 (Fucα1-3) GlcNAc), and a key enzyme for the expression of this epitope is α1,3-fucosyltransferase 9. However, the scaffolding glycan structure responsible for the formation of the Lewis X epitope as well as its major carrier protein has not been fully characterized in the nervous system. Here we showed that the Lewis X epitope was mainly expressed on phosphacan/receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β (RPTPβ) in the developing mouse brain. Expression of the Lewis X epitope was markedly reduced in β1,4-galactosyltransferase 2 (β4GalT2) gene-deficient mice, which indicated that β4GalT2 is a major galactosyltransferase required for the Lewis X epitope. We also showed that the Lewis X epitope almost disappeared due to the knockout of protein O-mannose β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1, an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase essential for the synthesis of O-mannosylated glycans, which indicated that the O-mannosylated glycan is responsible for presenting the Lewis X epitope. Since O-mannosylated glycans on phosphacan/RPTPβ could also present human natural killer-1, another glycan epitope specifically expressed in the nervous system, our results revealed the importance of O-mannosylated glycan chains in the presentation of functional glycan epitopes in the brain.

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Eukaryotic protein glycosylation: a primer for histochemists and cell biologists.

TL;DR: Following this educational survey, examples where known biological function is related to the glycan structures carried by proteins are given and mucins and their glycosylation patterns are considered as instructive proof-of-principle case.
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Recent advancements in understanding mammalian O-mannosylation.

TL;DR: This review will focus on recent discoveries delineating the various enzymes, structures and functions associated with O-mannose-initiated glycoproteins, and discusses the evolution of this pathway.
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GDP-l-fucose synthase is a CD4+ T cell–specific autoantigen in DRB3*02:02 patients with multiple sclerosis

TL;DR: GDP-l-fucose synthase is an autoantigen recognized by cerebrospinal fluid–infiltrating CD4+ T cells from HLA-DRB3*–positive patients with multiple sclerosis, and the possible role of this antigen as an inducer or driver of pathogenic autoimmune responses in multiple sclerosis is suggested.
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Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 is a novel modulator of radial glia stem cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation.

TL;DR: It is shown that LeX‐glycosylated LRP1 is also expressed in the stem cell compartment of the developing spinal cord and has broader functions in the developing CNS, suggesting that LRP 1 facilitates NSPCs differentiation via interaction with apolipoprotein E (ApoE).
Journal ArticleDOI

Glycosylation with ribitol-phosphate in mammals: New insights into the O-mannosyl glycan.

TL;DR: O-mannosyl glycan has a novel, unique structure that is important for the maintenance of brain and muscle functions that has opened up a new field in glycoscience.
References
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A multivalent lacto-N-fucopentaose III-lysyllysine conjugate decompacts preimplantation mouse embryos, while the free oligosaccharide is ineffective.

TL;DR: A role for X hapten recognition during compaction is suggested and it is suggested that X haptic valency may play a key role in modulating this developmental process.
Journal ArticleDOI

The P-selectin glycoprotein ligand from human neutrophils displays sialylated, fucosylated, O-linked poly-N-acetyllactosamine.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the polypeptide component of this ligand is identical to that of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), a molecule recently identified by expression cloning from a human myeloid cell cDNA library.
Journal ArticleDOI

A human transmembrane protein-tyrosine-phosphatase, PTP zeta, is expressed in brain and has an N-terminal receptor domain homologous to carbonic anhydrases.

TL;DR: The complete cDNA sequence of a human transmembrane PTPase, PTP zeta, isolated from fetal brain cDNA libraries is reported, suggesting its three-dimensional structure may be quite similar to that of carbonic anhydrases, a structure that appears ideal for binding a small soluble ligand.
Journal ArticleDOI

Identification of a major carbohydrate capping group of the l-selectin ligand on high endothelial venules in human lymph nodes as 6-sulfo sialyl lewis x

TL;DR: The newly generated monoclonal antibodies directed against 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X, which intensely labeled HEV in immunohistochemical examination and inhibited binding of recombinant L- selectin-IgG to HEV, suggest that the determinant serves as a ligand for L-selectin.
Journal ArticleDOI

Pikachurin, a dystroglycan ligand, is essential for photoreceptor ribbon synapse formation

TL;DR: Pikachurin is identified as a dystroglycan-interacting protein and demonstrated that it has an essential role in the precise interactions between the photoreceptor ribbon synapse and the bipolar dendrites, advancing the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the retinal electrophysiological abnormalities observed in muscular dystrophy patients.
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