Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Refugee Crises in the Middle East and North Africa.
Rebecca Y. Du,Peter J. Hotez,Peter J. Hotez,Peter J. Hotez,Waleed S. Al-Salem,Alvaro Acosta-Serrano +5 more
TLDR
Although Old World CL is generally not fatal, clinical symptoms can lead to disfiguring scars that result in social stigmatization and psychological consequences, and the World Health Organization has estimated that around 2.4 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are lost due to CL and visceral leishmaniasis globally.Abstract:
The Syrian refugee crisis has precipitated a catastrophic outbreak of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis now affecting hundreds of thousands of people living in refugee camps or trapped in conflict zones. A similar situation may also be unfolding in eastern Libya and Yemen.
Leishmaniasis has been endemic in Syria for over two centuries, with the first case ever reported being as early as 1745, when it was known as the “Aleppo boil” [1,2]. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is characterized most notably by disfiguring skin lesions, nodules, or papules, and in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region it is primarily caused either by Leishmania tropica (anthroponotic) or L. major (zoonotic), with some sporadic cases also caused by L. infantum (Box 1) [3–5]. In North Africa, a chronic form of CL also can be caused by L. killicki [6–7].
Box 1. Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) in the MENA Region
Anthroponotic CL
Major etiologic agent: Leishmania tropica [4,5,7]
Major vector: Phlebotomus sergenti [4,5]
Zoonotic CL
Major etiologic agent: L. major [4,5,7]
Minor etiologic agent: L. infantum [4,5]
Vectors: Ph. papatasi for L. major; Ph. perfiliewi, Ph. perniciosus, Ph. longicuspis, and Ph. ariasi for L. infantum [5]
Major animal reservoirs: Rodents (L. major) and dogs (L. infantum) [4,7]
Although Old World CL is generally not fatal, clinical symptoms can lead to disfiguring scars that result in social stigmatization and psychological consequences. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that around 2.4 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are lost due to CL and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) globally [8]; however, the number of DALYs attributed to CL is still under evaluation. The 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study determined that CL causes only 41,700 DALYs [9], while other studies have found that these figures may represent profound underestimates [10,11].
Studies observing the impact of marring CL facial scars have found that the social stigmatization involved leads to anxiety, depression, and decreased quality of life for patients [12]. The scars can lead to a changed perception of self and can limit individuals’ abilities to participate in society, further decreasing their social, psychological, and economic well-being, as employment opportunities become scarce. Women, adolescents, and children are particularly susceptible to the social stigmatization of disfiguring scars [13]. The hardships caused by CL extend beyond physical symptoms and manifest most prominently in patients’ social, psychological, and economic well-being. Like many neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), CL not only occurs in settings of poverty but the disease also has the ability to perpetuate and reinforce poverty, catalyzing a positive feedback loop between disease and poverty [14]. For many of these reasons, the WHO classifies leishmaniasis as one of 17 NTDs [15], although the cutaneous form is often not prioritized in major global health initiatives, unlike the NTDs now targeted by integrated preventive chemotherapy [11].read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
The history of leishmaniasis
TL;DR: Ancient documents and paleoparasitological data indicate that leishmaniasis was already widespread in antiquity, and Identification of Leishmania parasites as etiological agents and sand flies as the transmission vectors of leish maniasis started at the beginning of the 20th century and the discovery of new Leishmanniasis and sand fly species continued well into the 21st century.
Journal ArticleDOI
A new perspective on cutaneous leishmaniasis-Implications for global prevalence and burden of disease estimates.
Freddie Bailey,Karina Mondragon-Shem,Peter J. Hotez,José Antonio Ruiz-Postigo,Waleed S. Al-Salem,Alvaro Acosta-Serrano,David H. Molyneux +6 more
TL;DR: This article considers the current public health perspective on cutaneous leishmaniasis and its implications for incidence, prevalence, and global burden of disease calculations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gene expression in Leishmania is regulated predominantly by gene dosage
Stefano Iantorno,Stefano Iantorno,Caroline Durrant,Asis Khan,Mandy Sanders,Stephen M. Beverley,Wesley C. Warren,Matthew Berriman,David L. Sacks,James Cotton,Michael E. Grigg +10 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that gene dosage is an adaptive trait that confers phenotypic plasticity among natural Leishmania populations by rapid down- or upregulation of transporter proteins to limit the effects of environmental stresses, such as drug selection.
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition
Christopher J L Murray,Ryan M Barber,Kyle J Foreman,Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren,Foad Abd-Allah,Semaw Ferede Abera,Victor Aboyans,Jerry Abraham,Ibrahim Abubakar,Laith J. Abu-Raddad,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Tom Achoki,Ilana N. Ackerman,Zanfina Ademi,Arsène Kouablan Adou,Jose C. Adsuar,Ashkan Afshin,Emilie Agardh,Sayed Saidul Alam,Deena Alasfoor,Mohammed I. Albittar,Miguel Angel Alegretti,Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho,Samia Alhabib,Raghib Ali,François Alla,Peter Allebeck,Mohammad A. AlMazroa,Ubai Alsharif,Elena Alvarez,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Azmeraw T. Amare,Emmanuel A. Ameh,Heresh Amini,Walid Ammar,H. Ross Anderson,Benjamin O Anderson,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Johan Ärnlöv,Valentina Arsić Arsenijević,Al Artaman,Rana J. Asghar,Reza Assadi,Lydia S. Atkins,Marco A Avila,Baffour Awuah,Victoria F Bachman,Alaa Badawi,Maria Cecilia Bahit,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Amitava Banerjee,Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo,Simón Barquera,Lars Barregard,Lope H Barrero,Arindam Basu,Sanjay Basu,Mohammed Basulaiman,Justin Beardsley,Neeraj Bedi,Ettore Beghi,Tolesa Bekele,Michelle L. Bell,Corina Benjet,Derrick A Bennett,Isabela M. Benseñor,Habib Benzian,Eduardo Bernabé,Amelia Bertozzi-Villa,Tariku Jibat Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Ashish Bhalla,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Kelly Bienhoff,Boris Bikbov,Stan Biryukov,Jed D. Blore,Christopher D. Blosser,Fiona M. Blyth,Megan Bohensky,Ian Bolliger,Berrak Bora Basara,Natan M. Bornstein,Dipan Bose,Soufiane Boufous,Rupert R A Bourne,Lindsay N. Boyers,Michael Brainin,Carol Brayne,Alexandra Brazinova,Nicholas J K Breitborde,Hermann Brenner,Adam D M Briggs,Peter Brooks,Jonathan C Brown,Traolach S. Brugha,Rachelle Buchbinder,Geoffrey Buckle,Christine M. Budke,Anne Bulchis,Andrew G. M. Bulloch,Ismael R. Campos-Nonato,Hélène Carabin,Jonathan R. Carapetis,Rosario Cárdenas,David Carpenter,Valeria Caso,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Ruben Castro,Ferrán Catalá-López,Fiorella Cavalleri,Alanur Çavlin,Vineet K. Chadha,Jung-Chen Chang,Fiona J Charlson,Honglei Chen,Wanqing Chen,Peggy P. Chiang,Odgerel Chimed-Ochir,Rajiv Chowdhury,Hanne Christensen,Costas A. Christophi,Costas A. Christophi,Massimo Cirillo,Matthew M Coates,Luc E. Coffeng,Megan Coggeshall,Valentina Colistro,Samantha M. Colquhoun,Graham S Cooke,Cyrus Cooper,Leslie T. Cooper,Luis M. Coppola,Monica Cortinovis,Michael H. Criqui,John A. Crump,Lucía Cuevas-Nasu,Hadi Danawi,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Emily Dansereau,Paul I. Dargan,Gail Davey,Adrian Davis,Dragos Virgil Davitoiu,Anand Dayama,Diego De Leo,Louisa Degenhardt,Borja del Pozo-Cruz,Robert P. Dellavalle,Kebede Deribe,Sarah Derrett,Don C. Des Jarlais,Muluken Dessalegn,Samath D Dharmaratne,Mukesh Dherani,Cesar Diaz-Torne,Daniel Dicker,Eric L. Ding,Klara Dokova,E. Ray Dorsey,Tim Driscoll,Leilei Duan,Herbert C. Duber,Beth E. Ebel,Karen Edmond,Yousef M. Elshrek,Matthias Endres,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Holly E. Erskine,Babak Eshrati,Alireza Esteghamati,Kara Estep,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Farshad Farzadfar,Derek F J Fay,Valery L. Feigin,David T. Felson,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Jefferson G Fernandes,Alize J. Ferrari,Christina Fitzmaurice,Abraham D. Flaxman,Thomas D. Fleming,Nataliya A. Foigt,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,F. Gerry R. Fowkes,Urbano Fra Paleo,Richard C. Franklin,Thomas Fürst,Belinda J. Gabbe,Lynne Gaffikin,Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Bradford D. Gessner,Peter W. Gething,Katherine B Gibney,Maurice Giroud,Giorgia Giussani,Héctor Gómez Dantés,Philimon Gona,Diego Gonzalez-Medina,Richard A. Gosselin,Carolyn C. Gotay,Atsushi Goto,Hebe N. Gouda,Nicholas Graetz,Harish Chander Gugnani,Rahul Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Reyna A Gutiérrez,Juanita A. Haagsma,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Holly Hagan,Yara A. Halasa,Randah R. Hamadeh,Hannah Hamavid,Mouhanad Hammami,Jamie Hancock,Graeme J. Hankey,Gillian M. Hansen,Yuantao Hao,Hilda L Harb,Josep Maria Haro,Rasmus Havmoeller,Simon I. Hay,Roderick J Hay,Ileana Heredia-Pi,Kyle R. Heuton,Pouria Heydarpour,Hideki Higashi,Martha Híjar,Hans W. Hoek,Howard J. Hoffman,H. Dean Hosgood,Mazeda Hossain,Peter J. Hotez,Damian G Hoy,Mohamed Hsairi,Guoqing Hu,Cheng Huang,John J Huang,Abdullatif Husseini,Chantal Huynh,Marissa Iannarone,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Kaire Innos,Manami Inoue,Farhad Islami,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Deborah Jarvis,Simerjot K. Jassal,Sun Ha Jee,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Paul N. Jensen,Vivekanand Jha,Guohong Jiang,Ying Jiang,Jost B. Jonas,Knud Juel,Haidong Kan,André Karch,Corine Karema,Chante Karimkhani,Ganesan Karthikeyan,Nicholas J Kassebaum,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Konstantin Kazanjan,Andrew H. Kemp,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Yousef Khader,Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Gulfaraz Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Christian Kieling,Daniel Kim,Sungroul Kim,Yun Jin Kim,Yohannes Kinfu,Jonas Minet Kinge,Miia Kivipelto,Luke D. Knibbs,Ann Kristin Knudsen,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Soewarta Kosen,Sanjay Krishnaswami,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Burcu Kucuk Bicer,Ernst J Kuipers,Chanda Kulkarni,Veena S. Kulkarni,G Anil Kumar,Hmwe H Kyu,Taavi Lai,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Hilton Lam,Qing Lan,Van C. Lansingh,Anders Larsson,Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz,Janet L Leasher,James Leigh,Ricky Leung,Carly E Levitz,Bin Li,Yichong Li,Yongmei Li,Stephen S Lim,Maggie Lind,Steven E. Lipshultz,Shiwei Liu,Yang Liu,Belinda K Lloyd,Katherine T. Lofgren,Giancarlo Logroscino,Katharine J Looker,Joannie Lortet-Tieulent,Paulo A. Lotufo,Rafael Lozano,Robyn M. Lucas,Raimundas Lunevicius,Ronan A Lyons,Stefan Ma,Michael F. Macintyre,Mark T Mackay,Marek Majdan,Reza Malekzadeh,Wagner Marcenes,David J. Margolis,David J. Margolis,Christopher Margono,Melvin Barrientos Marzan,Joseph R. Masci,Mohammad T Mashal,Richard Matzopoulos,Bongani M. Mayosi,Tasara T. Mazorodze,Neil McGill,John J. McGrath,Martin McKee,Abigail Mclain,Peter A. Meaney,Catalina Medina,Man Mohan Mehndiratta,Wubegzier Mekonnen,Yohannes Adama Melaku,Michele Meltzer,Ziad A. Memish,George A. Mensah,Atte Meretoja,Francis Apolinary Mhimbira,Renata Micha,Ted R. Miller,Edward J Mills,Philip B. Mitchell,Charles N Mock,Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim,Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad,Ali H. Mokdad,Glen Mola,Lorenzo Monasta,Julio C. Montañez Hernandez,Marcella Montico,Thomas J. Montine,Meghan D. Mooney,Ami R. Moore,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Andrew E. Moran,Rintaro Mori,Joanna Moschandreas,Wilkister N. Moturi,Madeline L. Moyer,Dariush Mozaffarian,William Msemburi,Ulrich Otto Mueller,Mitsuru Mukaigawara,Erin C Mullany,Michele E. Murdoch,Joseph Murray,Kinnari S. Murthy,Mohsen Naghavi,Aliya Naheed,Kovin Naidoo,Luigi Naldi,Devina Nand,Vinay Nangia,K.M. Venkat Narayan,Chakib Nejjari,Sudan Prasad Neupane,Charles R. Newton,Marie Ng,Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni,Grant Nguyen,Muhammad Imran Nisar,Sandra Nolte,Ole Frithjof Norheim,Rosana E. Norman,Bo Norrving,Luke Nyakarahuka,In-Hwan Oh,Takayoshi Ohkubo,Summer Lockett Ohno,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,John Nelson Opio,Katrina F Ortblad,Alberto Ortiz,Amanda W Pain,Jeyaraj D. Pandian,Carlo Irwin A. Panelo,Christina Papachristou,Eun-Kee Park,Jae-Hyun Park,Scott B. Patten,George C Patton,Vinod K. Paul,Boris I. Pavlin,Neil Pearce,David M. Pereira,Rogelio Pérez-Padilla,Fernando Perez-Ruiz,Norberto Perico,Aslam Pervaiz,Konrad Pesudovs,Carrie Beth Peterson,Max Petzold,Michael R. Phillips,Bryan K. Phillips,David Phillips,Frédéric B. Piel,Dietrich Plass,Dan Poenaru,Suzanne Polinder,Daniel Pope,Svetlana Popova,Richie G Poulton,Farshad Pourmalek,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Noela M. Prasad,Rachel L. Pullan,Dima M. Qato,D. Alex Quistberg,Anwar Rafay,Kazem Rahimi,Sajjad Ur Rahman,Murugesan Raju,Saleem M Rana,Homie Razavi,K. Srinath Reddy,Amany H Refaat,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Serge Resnikoff,Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro,Lee Richardson,Jan Hendrik Richardus,D. Allen Roberts,David Rojas-Rueda,Luca Ronfani,Gregory A. Roth,Dietrich Rothenbacher,David H. Rothstein,Jane Rowley,Nobhojit Roy,George M. Ruhago,Mohammad Yahya Saeedi,Sukanta Saha,Mohammad Ali Sahraian,Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson,Juan R. Sanabria,Logan Sandar,Itamar S. Santos,Maheswar Satpathy,Monika Sawhney,Peter Scarborough,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Ben Schöttker,Austin E Schumacher,David C. Schwebel,James Scott,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Peter T. Serina,Edson Serván-Mori,Katya Anne Shackelford,Amira Shaheen,Saeid Shahraz,Teresa Shamah Levy,Siyi Shangguan,Jun She,Sara Sheikhbahaei,Peilin Shi,Kenji Shibuya,Yukito Shinohara,Rahman Shiri,Kawkab Shishani,Ivy Shiue,Mark G. Shrime,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Donald H. Silberberg,Edgar P. Simard,Shireen Sindi,Abhishek Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,Lavanya Singh,Vegard Skirbekk,Erica Leigh Slepak,Karen Sliwa,Samir Soneji,Kjetil Søreide,Sergey Soshnikov,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Jeffrey D Stanaway,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Dan J. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Caitlyn Steiner,Timothy J. Steiner,Antony Stevens,Andrea Stewart,Lars Jacob Stovner,Konstantinos Stroumpoulis,Bruno F. Sunguya,Soumya Swaminathan,Mamta Swaroop,Bryan L. Sykes,Karen M. Tabb,Ken Takahashi,Nikhil Tandon,David Tanne,Marcel Tanner,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Hugh R. Taylor,Braden Te Ao,Fabrizio Tediosi,Awoke Misganaw Temesgen,Tara Templin,Margreet ten Have,Eric Y. Tenkorang,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Blake Thomson,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Amanda G. Thrift,George D Thurston,Taavi Tillmann,Marcello Tonelli,Fotis Topouzis,Hideaki Toyoshima,Jefferson Traebert,Bach Xuan Tran,Matias Trillini,Thomas Truelsen,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris,Emin Murat Tuzcu,Uche S. Uchendu,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Eduardo A. Undurraga,Selen Begüm Uzun,Wim H. van Brakel,Steven van de Vijver,Coen H. Van Gool,Jim van Os,Tommi J. Vasankari,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Francesco Saverio Violante,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Gregory R. Wagner,Joseph A Wagner,Stephen G. Waller,Xia Wan,Haidong Wang,JianLi Wang,Linhong Wang,Tati S. Warouw,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Wang Wenzhi,Andrea Werdecker,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,James D. Wilkinson,Thomas N. Williams,Charles D.A. Wolfe,Timothy M. Wolock,Anthony D. Woolf,Sarah Wulf,Brittany Wurtz,Gelin Xu,Lijing L Yan,Yuichiro Yano,Pengpeng Ye,Gokalp Kadri Yentur,Paul S. F. Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Chuanhua Yu,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Yong Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,David Zonies,Xiaonong Zou,Joshua A. Salomon,Alan D. Lopez,Theo Vos +611 more
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Phlebotomine sand fly-borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections.
Martina Moriconi,Gianluca Rugna,Mattia Calzolari,Romeo Bellini,Alessandro Albieri,Paola Angelini,Roberto Cagarelli,Maria Paola Landini,Rémi N. Charrel,Stefania Varani +9 more
TL;DR: The review of the current literature on epidemiology of sand fly–borne infections in the Mediterranean Basin indicates the need for increased public health activities directed to determine the disease burden of these infections as well as to improve their surveillance.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
TL;DR: This report summarizes the clinical features of these cases and the epidemiologic investigations by the Texas Department of Health and the New Jersey State Department of health and Senior Services, which indicated that a bat-associated variant of the rabies virus was responsible for infection in both cases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence
Jorge Alvar,Iván D. Vélez,Iván D. Vélez,Caryn Bern,Mercè Herrero,Philippe Desjeux,Jorge Cano,Jean Jannin,Margriet den Boer +8 more
TL;DR: Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence ranges were estimated by country and epidemiological region based on reported incidence, underreporting rates if available, and the judgment of national and international experts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013 : quantifying the epidemiological transition
Christopher J L Murray,Ryan M Barber,Kyle J Foreman,Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren,Foad Abd-Allah,Semaw Ferede Abera,Victor Aboyans,Jerry Abraham,Ibrahim Abubakar,Laith J. Abu-Raddad,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Tom Achoki,Ilana N. Ackerman,Zanfina Ademi,Arsène Kouablan Adou,Jose C. Adsuar,Ashkan Afshin,Emilie Agardh,Sayed Saidul Alam,Deena Alasfoor,Mohammed I. Albittar,Miguel Angel Alegretti,Zewdie Aderaw Alemu,Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho,Samia Alhabib,Raghib Ali,François Alla,Peter Allebeck,Mohammad A. AlMazroa,Ubai Alsharif,Elena Alvarez,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Azmeraw T. Amare,Emmanuel A. Ameh,Heresh Amini,Walid Ammar,H. Ross Anderson,Benjamin O Anderson,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Johan Ärnlöv,Valentina Arsić Arsenijević,Al Artaman,Rana J. Asghar,Reza Assadi,Lydia S. Atkins,Marco A Avila,Baffour Awuah,Victoria F Bachman,Alaa Badawi,Maria Cecilia Bahit,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Amitava Banerjee,Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo,Simón Barquera,Lars Barregard,Lope H Barrero,Arindam Basu,Sanjay Basu,Mohammed Basulaiman,Justin Beardsley,Neeraj Bedi,Ettore Beghi,Tolesa Bekele,Michelle L. Bell,Corina Benjet,Derrick A Bennett,Isabela M. Benseñor,Habib Benzian,Eduardo Bernabé,Amelia Bertozzi-Villa,Tariku Jibat Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Ashish Bhalla,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Kelly Bienhoff,Boris Bikbov,Stan Biryukov,Jed D. Blore,Christopher D. Blosser,Fiona M. Blyth,Megan Bohensky,Ian Bolliger,Berrak Bora Basara,Natan M. Bornstein,Dipan Bose,Soufiane Boufous,Rupert R A Bourne,Lindsay N. Boyers,Michael Brainin,Carol Brayne,Alexandra Brazinova,Nicholas J K Breitborde,Hermann Brenner,Adam D M Briggs,Peter Brooks,Jonathan C Brown,Traolach S. Brugha,Rachelle Buchbinder,Geoffrey Buckle,Christine M. Budke,Anne Bulchis,Andrew G. M. Bulloch,Ismael R. Campos-Nonato,Hélène Carabin,Jonathan R. Carapetis,Rosario Cárdenas,David Carpenter,Valeria Caso,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Ruben Castro,Ferrán Catalá-López,Fiorella Cavalleri,Alanur Çavlin,Vineet K. Chadha,Jung-Chen Chang,Fiona J Charlson,Honglei Chen,Wanqing Chen,Peggy P. Chiang,Odgerel Chimed-Ochir,Rajiv Chowdhury,Hanne Christensen,Costas A. Christophi,Costas A. Christophi,Massimo Cirillo,Matthew M Coates,Luc E. Coffeng,Megan Coggeshall,Valentina Colistro,Samantha M. Colquhoun,Graham S Cooke,Cyrus Cooper,Leslie T. Cooper,Luis M. Coppola,Monica Cortinovis,Michael H. Criqui,John A. Crump,Lucía Cuevas-Nasu,Hadi Danawi,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Emily Dansereau,Paul I. Dargan,Gail Davey,Adrian Davis,Dragos Virgil Davitoiu,Anand Dayama,Diego De Leo,Louisa Degenhardt,Borja del Pozo-Cruz,Robert P. Dellavalle,Kebede Deribe,Sarah Derrett,Don C. Des Jarlais,Muluken Dessalegn,Samath D Dharmaratne,Mukesh Dherani,Cesar Diaz-Torne,Daniel Dicker,Eric L. Ding,Klara Dokova,E. Ray Dorsey,Tim Driscoll,Leilei Duan,Herbert C. Duber,Beth E. Ebel,Karen Edmond,Yousef M. Elshrek,Matthias Endres,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Holly E. Erskine,Babak Eshrati,Alireza Esteghamati,Kara Estep,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Farshad Farzadfar,Derek F J Fay,Valery L. Feigin,David T. Felson,Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,Jefferson G Fernandes,Alize J. Ferrari,Christina Fitzmaurice,Abraham D. Flaxman,Thomas D. Fleming,Nataliya A. Foigt,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,F. Gerry R. Fowkes,Urbano Fra Paleo,Richard C. Franklin,Thomas Fürst,Belinda J. Gabbe,Lynne Gaffikin,Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Bradford D. Gessner,Peter W. Gething,Katherine B Gibney,Maurice Giroud,Giorgia Giussani,Héctor Gómez Dantés,Philimon Gona,Diego Gonzalez-Medina,Richard A. Gosselin,Carolyn C. Gotay,Atsushi Goto,Hebe N. Gouda,Nicholas Graetz,Harish Chander Gugnani,Rahul Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Reyna A Gutiérrez,Juanita A. Haagsma,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Holly Hagan,Yara A. Halasa,Randah R. Hamadeh,Hannah Hamavid,Mouhanad Hammami,Jamie Hancock,Graeme J. Hankey,Gillian M. Hansen,Yuantao Hao,Hilda L Harb,Josep Maria Haro,Rasmus Havmoeller,Simon I. Hay,Roderick J Hay,Ileana Heredia-Pi,Kyle R. Heuton,Pouria Heydarpour,Hideki Higashi,Martha Híjar,Hans W. Hoek,Howard J. Hoffman,H. Dean Hosgood,Mazeda Hossain,Peter J. Hotez,Damian G Hoy,Mohamed Hsairi,Guoqing Hu,Cheng Huang,John J Huang,Abdullatif Husseini,Chantal Huynh,Marissa Iannarone,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Kaire Innos,Manami Inoue,Farhad Islami,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Deborah Jarvis,Simerjot K. Jassal,Sun Ha Jee,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Paul N. Jensen,Vivekanand Jha,Guohong Jiang,Ying Jiang,Jost B. Jonas,Knud Juel,Haidong Kan,André Karch,Corine Karema,Chante Karimkhani,Ganesan Karthikeyan,Nicholas J Kassebaum,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Konstantin Kazanjan,Andrew H. Kemp,Andre Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Yousef Khader,Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Gulfaraz Khan,Young-Ho Khang,Christian Kieling,Daniel Kim,Sungroul Kim,Yun Jin Kim,Yohannes Kinfu,Jonas Minet Kinge,Miia Kivipelto,Luke D. Knibbs,Ann Kristin Knudsen,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Soewarta Kosen,Sanjay Krishnaswami,Barthelemy Kuate Defo,Burcu Kucuk Bicer,Ernst J Kuipers,Chanda Kulkarni,Veena S. Kulkarni,G Anil Kumar,Hmwe H Kyu,Taavi Lai,Ratilal Lalloo,Tea Lallukka,Hilton Lam,Qing Lan,Van C. Lansingh,Anders Larsson,Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz,Janet L Leasher,James Leigh,Ricky Leung,Carly E Levitz,Bin Li,Yichong Li,Yongmei Li,Stephen S Lim,Maggie Lind,Steven E. Lipshultz,Shiwei Liu,Yang Liu,Belinda K Lloyd,Katherine T. Lofgren,Giancarlo Logroscino,Katharine J Looker,Joannie Lortet-Tieulent,Paulo A. Lotufo,Rafael Lozano,Robyn M. Lucas,Raimundas Lunevicius,Ronan A Lyons,Stefan Ma,Michael F. Macintyre,Mark T Mackay,Marek Majdan,Reza Malekzadeh,Wagner Marcenes,David J. Margolis,David J. Margolis,Christopher Margono,Melvin Barrientos Marzan,Joseph R. Masci,Mohammad T Mashal,Richard Matzopoulos,Bongani M. Mayosi,Tasara T. Mazorodze,Neil McGill,John J. McGrath,Michael McKee,Abigail Mclain,Peter A. Meaney,Catalina Medina,Man Mohan Mehndiratta,Wubegzier Mekonnen,Yohannes Adama Melaku,Michele Meltzer,Ziad A. Memish,George A. Mensah,Atte Meretoja,Francis Apolinary Mhimbira,Renata Micha,Ted R. Miller,Edward J Mills,Philip B. Mitchell,Charles N Mock,Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim,Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad,Ali H. Mokdad,Glen Mola,Lorenzo Monasta,Julio C. Montañez Hernandez,Marcella Montico,Thomas J. Montine,Meghan D. Mooney,Ami R. Moore,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Andrew E. Moran,Rintaro Mori,Joanna Moschandreas,Wilkister N. Moturi,Madeline L. Moyer,Dariush Mozaffarian,William Msemburi,Ulrich Otto Mueller,Mitsuru Mukaigawara,Erin C Mullany,Michele E. Murdoch,Joseph Murray,Kinnari S. Murthy,Mohsen Naghavi,Aliya Naheed,Kovin Naidoo,Luigi Naldi,Devina Nand,Vinay Nangia,K.M. Venkat Narayan,Chakib Nejjari,Sudan Prasad Neupane,Charles R. Newton,Marie Ng,Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni,Grant Nguyen,Muhammad Imran Nisar,Sandra Nolte,Ole Frithjof Norheim,Rosana E. Norman,Bo Norrving,Luke Nyakarahuka,In-Hwan Oh,Takayoshi Ohkubo,Summer Lockett Ohno,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,John Nelson Opio,Katrina F Ortblad,Alberto Ortiz,Amanda W Pain,Jeyaraj D. Pandian,Carlo Irwin A. Panelo,Christina Papachristou,Eun-Kee Park,Jae-Hyun Park,Scott B. Patten,George C Patton,Vinod K. Paul,Boris I. Pavlin,Neil Pearce,David M. Pereira,Rogelio Pérez-Padilla,Fernando Perez-Ruiz,Norberto Perico,Aslam Pervaiz,Konrad Pesudovs,Carrie Beth Peterson,Max Petzold,Michael R. Phillips,Bryan K. Phillips,David Phillips,Frédéric B. Piel,Dietrich Plass,Dan Poenaru,Suzanne Polinder,Daniel Pope,Svetlana Popova,Richie G Poulton,Farshad Pourmalek,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Noela M. Prasad,Rachel L. Pullan,Dima M. Qato,D. Alex Quistberg,Anwar Rafay,Kazem Rahimi,Sajjad Ur Rahman,Murugesan Raju,Saleem M Rana,Homie Razavi,K. Srinath Reddy,Amany H Refaat,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Serge Resnikoff,Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro,Lee Richardson,Jan Hendrik Richardus,D. Allen Roberts,David Rojas-Rueda,Luca Ronfani,Gregory A. Roth,Dietrich Rothenbacher,David H. Rothstein,Jane Rowley,Nobhojit Roy,George M. Ruhago,Mohammad Yahya Saeedi,Sukanta Saha,Mohammad Ali Sahraian,Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson,Juan R. Sanabria,Logan Sandar,Itamar S. Santos,Maheswar Satpathy,Monika Sawhney,Peter Scarborough,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Ben Schöttker,Austin E Schumacher,David C. Schwebel,James Scott,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Peter T. Serina,Edson Serván-Mori,Katya Anne Shackelford,Amira Shaheen,Saeid Shahraz,Teresa Shamah Levy,Siyi Shangguan,Jun She,Sara Sheikhbahaei,Peilin Shi,Kenji Shibuya,Yukito Shinohara,Rahman Shiri,Kawkab Shishani,Ivy Shiue,Mark G. Shrime,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Donald H. Silberberg,Edgar P. Simard,Shireen Sindi,Abhishek Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,Lavanya Singh,Vegard Skirbekk,Erica Leigh Slepak,Karen Sliwa,Samir Soneji,Kjetil Søreide,Sergey Soshnikov,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Jeffrey D Stanaway,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Dan J. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Caitlyn Steiner,Timothy J. Steiner,Antony Stevens,Andrea Stewart,Lars Jacob Stovner,Konstantinos Stroumpoulis,Bruno F. Sunguya,Soumya Swaminathan,Mamta Swaroop,Bryan L. Sykes,Karen M. Tabb,Ken Takahashi,Nikhil Tandon,David Tanne,Marcel Tanner,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Hugh R. Taylor,Braden Te Ao,Fabrizio Tediosi,Awoke Misganaw Temesgen,Tara Templin,Margreet ten Have,Eric Y. Tenkorang,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Blake Thomson,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Amanda G. Thrift,George D Thurston,Taavi Tillmann,Marcello Tonelli,Fotis Topouzis,Hideaki Toyoshima,Jefferson Traebert,Bach Xuan Tran,Matias Trillini,Thomas Truelsen,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris,Emin Murat Tuzcu,Uche S. Uchendu,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Eduardo A. Undurraga,Selen Begüm Uzun,Wim H. van Brakel,Steven van de Vijver,Coen H. Van Gool,Jim van Os,Tommi J. Vasankari,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Francesco Saverio Violante,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Stein Emil Vollset,Gregory R. Wagner,Joseph A Wagner,Stephen G. Waller,Xia Wan,Haidong Wang,JianLi Wang,Linhong Wang,Tati S. Warouw,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Wang Wenzhi,Andrea Werdecker,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,James D. Wilkinson,Thomas N. Williams,Charles D.A. Wolfe,Timothy M. Wolock,Anthony D. Woolf,Sarah Wulf,Brittany Wurtz,Gelin Xu,Lijing L Yan,Yuichiro Yano,Pengpeng Ye,Gokalp Kadri Yentur,Paul S. F. Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok Jun Yoon,Mustafa Z. Younis,Chuanhua Yu,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Yong Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,David Zonies,Xiaonong Zou,Joshua A. Salomon,Alan D. Lopez,Theo Vos +611 more
TL;DR: Patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which was constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population, were quantified.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leishmaniasis and poverty.
TL;DR: Public investment in treatment and control would decrease the leishmaniasis disease burden and help to alleviate poverty.
Journal ArticleDOI
Complexities of assessing the disease burden attributable to leishmaniasis.
TL;DR: Review of reliable secondary data sources and collection of baseline active survey data are recommended to improve current disease burden estimates, plus the improvement or establishment of effective surveillance systems to monitor the impact of control efforts.