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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Stanley: The Robot that Won the DARPA Grand Challenge

TLDR
The robot Stanley, which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge, was developed for high‐speed desert driving without manual intervention and relied predominately on state‐of‐the‐art artificial intelligence technologies, such as machine learning and probabilistic reasoning.
Abstract
This article describes the robot Stanley, which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. Stanley was developed for high-speed desert driving without human intervention. The robot’s software system relied predominately on state-of-the-art AI technologies, such as machine learning and probabilistic reasoning. This article describes the major components of this architecture, and discusses the results of the Grand Challenge race.

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Proceedings Article

An ontology-based model to determine the automation level of an automated vehicle for co-driving

TL;DR: This paper proposes an intermediate approach towards full automation, by defining a spectrum of automation layers, from fully manual to fully automated (the car is driven by a computer), based on an ontological model for representing knowledge.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Knowing when we don't know: Introspective classification for mission-critical decision making

TL;DR: This paper introduces and motivate the importance of a classifier's introspective capacity: the ability to mitigate potentially overconfident classifications by an appropriate assessment of how qualified the system is to make a judgement on the current test datum.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Comparison of lateral controllers for autonomous vehicle: Experimental results

TL;DR: Three classical techniques used for controlling the lateral error are analyzed and a novel kinematic controller based on the lateral speed is proposed, which will help to improve the lateral control of a self-driving car in an urban environment.
Journal ArticleDOI

An Autonomous Driving System for Unknown Environments Using a Unified Map

TL;DR: This work proposes algorithms and systems using Unified Map built with various onboard sensors to detect obstacles, other cars, traffic signs, and pedestrians, and shows how this map can efficiently find paths free from collisions while obeying traffic laws.
Journal ArticleDOI

Extrinsic Calibration of 2-D Lidars Using Two Orthogonal Planes

TL;DR: A novel method of estimating the relative pose between 2-D lidars without any additional sensors or artificial landmarks is proposed by scanning two orthogonal planes and utilizing the coplanarity of the scan points on each plane and the orthogonality of the plane normals.
References
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Book

Pattern classification and scene analysis

TL;DR: In this article, a unified, comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of both statistical and descriptive methods for pattern recognition is provided, including Bayesian decision theory, supervised and unsupervised learning, nonparametric techniques, discriminant analysis, clustering, preprosessing of pictorial data, spatial filtering, shape description techniques, perspective transformations, projective invariants, linguistic procedures, and artificial intelligence techniques for scene analysis.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

New extension of the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems

TL;DR: It is argued that the ease of implementation and more accurate estimation features of the new filter recommend its use over the EKF in virtually all applications.
Book

Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics

TL;DR: In this article, the authors attempt to find a middle ground by balancing engineering principles and equations of use to every automotive engineer with practical explanations of the mechanics involved, so that those without a formal engineering degree can still comprehend and use most of the principles discussed.
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