Showing papers on "Diesel engine published in 2006"

Waste cooking oil – an economical source for biodiesel: a review

Abstract: Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) is a nontoxic and biodegradable alternative fuel that is obtained from renewable sources. A major hurdle in the commercialization of biodiesel from virgin oil, in comparison to petroleum-based diesel fuel, is its cost of manufacturing, primarily the raw material cost. Used cooking oil is one of the economical sources for biodiesel production. However, the products formed during frying, such as free fatty acid and some polymerized triglycerides, can affect the transesterification reaction and the biodiesel properties. Apart from this phenomenon, the biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil gives better engine performance and less emissions when tested on commercial diesel engines. The present paper attempts to review methods for the transesterification of waste cooking oil and the performance of biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil in a commercial diesel engine. The paper also examines the basic chemistry involved during frying and the effects of the products formed in the frying process on biodiesel quality.

Exhaust Emissions of Biodiesel, Petrodiesel, Neat Methyl Esters, and Alkanes in a New Technology Engine†

Abstract: Biodiesel is a renewable, alternative diesel fuel of domestic origin derived from a variety of fats and oils by a transesterification reaction; thus, it consists of the alkyl esters, usually methyl esters, of the fatty acids of the parent oil or fat. An advantage of biodiesel is its potential to significantly reduce most regulated exhaust emissions, including particulate matter (PM), with the exception of nitrogen oxides (NOx). In this work, three fatty acid methyl esters, neat methyl laurate, neat methyl palmitate, and technical grade methyl oleate, were selected for exhaust emissions testing in a heavy-duty 2003 six-cylinder 14 L diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation. These fuels were compared with neat dodecane and hexadecane as well as commercial samples of biodiesel and low-sulfur petrodiesel as the base fuel, thus establishing for the first time a baseline of the exhaust emissions of neat hydrocarbon (alkane) fuels versus neat methyl esters. All fuels were tested over the heavy-duty diesel tr...

Lubricants and Lubrication

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Lubricants in the Tribological System 2.1. Friction 2.1.1. Types of Friction 2.1.2. Friction and Lubrication Conditions 2.2. Wear 3. Rheology of Lubricants 3.1. Viscosity 3.2. Special Rheological Effects 3.3. Viscosity Grades 4. Base Oils 4.1. Historical Review and Outlook 4.2. Chemical Characterization of Mineral Base Oils 4.3. Refining 4.3.1. Distillation 4.3.2. Deasphalting 4.3.3. Traditional Refining Processes 4.3.3.1. Acid Refining 4.3.3.2. Solvent Extraction 4.3.4. Solvent Dewaxing 4.3.5. Finishing 4.4. Base Oil Manufacturing by Hydrogenation and Hydrocracking 4.4.1. Manufacturing Naphthenic Base Oils by Hydrogenation 4.4.2. Production of White Oils 4.4.3. Lube Hydrocracking 4.4.4. Catalytic Dewaxing 4.4.5. Wax Isomerization 4.4.6. Hybrid Lube Oil Processing 4.4.7. All-Hydrogen Route 4.4.8. Gas-to-Liquids Conversion Technology 4.5. Boiling and Evaporation Behavior of Base Oils 5. Synthetic Base Oils 5.1. Synthetic Hydrocarbons 5.1.1. Polyalphaolefins 5.1.2. Polyinternalolefins 5.1.3. Polybutenes 5.1.4. Alkylated Aromatics 5.1.5. Other Hydrocarbons 5.2. Halogenated Hydrocarbons 5.3. Synthetic Esters 5.3.1. Esters of Carboxylic Acids 5.3.1.1. Dicarboxylic Acid Esters 5.3.1.2. Polyol Esters 5.3.1.3. Other Carboxylic Esters 5.3.1.4. Complex Esters 5.3.1.5. Fluorinated Carboxylic Acid Esters 5.3.2. Phosphate Esters 5.4. Polyalkylene Glycols 5.5. Other Polyethers 5.5.1. Perfluorinated Polyethers 5.5.2. Polyphenyl Ethers 5.5.3. Polysiloxanes (Silicone Oils) 5.6. Other Synthetic Base Oils 5.7. Mixtures of Synthetic Lubricants 6. Additives 6.1. Antioxidants 6.1.1. Mechanism of Oxidation and Antioxidants 6.1.2. Compounds 6.2. Viscosity Modifiers 6.2.1. VI Improvement Mechanisms 6.2.2. Structure and Chemistry of Viscosity Modifiers 6.3. Pour Point Depressants 6.4. Detergents and Dispersants 6.4.1. Metal-Containing Compounds (Detergents) 6.4.2. Ashless Dispersants (AD) 6.5. Antifoam Agents 6.6. Demulsifiers 6.7. Dyes 6.8. Antiwear and Extreme Pressure Additives 6.9. Friction Modifiers 6.10. Corrosion Inhibitors 6.10.1. Antirust Additives 6.10.2. Metal Passivators 7. Lubricants in the Environment 7.1. Current Situation 7.1.1. Economic Consequences and Substitution Potential 7.1.2. Agriculture, Economy, and Politics 7.2. Biodegradable Base Oils for Lubricants 7.2.1. Synthetic Esters 7.2.2. Polyalkylene Glycols 7.2.3. Polyalphaolefins 7.2.4. Relevant Properties of Biodegradable Base Oils 7.3. Additives 7.4. Products (Examples) 8. Lubricants for Internal Combustion Engines 8.1. Four-Stroke Engine Oils 8.1.1. General Overview 8.1.1.1. Fundamental Principles 8.1.1.2. Performance Specifications 8.1.1.3. Formulation of Engine Oils 8.1.1.4. Additives 8.1.2. Characterization and Testing 8.1.2.1. Physical and Chemical Testing 8.1.2.2. Engine Testing 8.1.2.3. Passenger Car Engine Oils 8.1.2.4. Engine Oil for Commercial Vehicles 8.1.3. Classification by Specification 8.1.3.1. MIL Specifications 8.1.3.2. API and ILSAC Classification 8.1.3.3. ACEA Specifications 8.1.3.4. Manufacturers’ Approvals 8.1.3.5. Future Trends 8.2. Two-Stroke Oils 8.2.1. Application and Characteristics 8.2.2. Classification 8.2.2.1. API Service Groups 8.2.2.2. JASO Classification 8.2.2.3. ISO Classification 8.2.3. Oils for Two-Stroke Outboard Engines 8.2.4. Environmentally Friendly Two-Stroke Oils 8.3. Tractor Oils 8.4. Gas Engine Oils 8.5. Marine Diesel Engine Oils 8.5.1. Low-Speed Crosshead Engines 8.5.2. Medium-Speed Engines 8.5.3. Lubricants 9. Gear Lubrication Oils 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Requirements of Gear Lubrication Oils 9.3. Tribology of Gears 9.3.1. Friction Conditions of Gear Types 9.3.2. Specific Gear and Transmission Failure 9.4. Gear Lubrication Oils for Motor Vehicles 9.4.1. Lubricants for Gear Drives in Commercial Vehicles 9.4.2. Lubricants for Gear Drives in Passenger Cars 9.4.3. Lubricants for Automatic Transmissions and CVTs 9.5. Multipurpose Lubricants in Vehicle Gears 9.6. Gear Lubricants for Industrial Gears 10. Compressor Oils 10.1. Gas Compressor 10.1.1. Displacement Compressors 10.1.2. Dynamic Compressors 10.1.3. Preparation of Compressed Air 10.1.4. Oils for Compression of Other Gases 10.1.5. Characteristics of Gas Compressor Oils 10.1.6. Standards and Specifications of Compressor Oils 10.2. Refrigerator Oils 10.2.1. Introduction 10.2.2. Minimum Requirements 10.2.3. Classification 10.2.4. Viscosity Selection 11. Turbine Oils 11.1. Demands on Turbine Oils - Characteristics 11.2. Formulation 11.3. Specifications 11.4. Turbine Oil Circuits 11.5. Monitoring and Maintenance of Turbine Oils 11.6. Life of (Steam) Turbine Oils 11.7. Gas Turbine Oils - Application and Requirements 11.8. Fire-Resistant, Water-Free Fluids for Power Station Applications 11.9. Lubricants for Water Turbines and Hydroelectric Plants 12. Metalworking Fluids 12.1. Mechanism of Action 12.2. Water-Miscible Cutting Fluids 12.2.1. Composition 12.2.2. Corrosion Protection and Corrosion Test Methods 12.2.3. Concentration of Water-Mixed Cutting Fluids 12.2.4. Stability of Coolants 12.2.5. Foaming Properties 12.2.6. Preservation of Coolants with Biocides 12.3. Neat Cutting Fluids 12.3.1. Specifications 12.3.2. Composition 12.4. Application 12.4.1. Machining with Geometrically Defined Cutting Edges 12.4.2. Machining with Geometric Non-Defined Cutting Edges 12.5. Storage 12.6. Environmental Aspects 12.7. New Trends in Coolant Technology 13. Forming Lubricants 13.1. Sheet Metal Working Lubricants 13.1.1. Deep Drawing 13.1.2. Stretch Drawing and a Combination of Stretch and Deep Drawing 13.1.3. Shear Cutting 13.1.4. Choice of Lubricants 13.1.5. Sheet Metal Forming in Automobile Manufacturing 13.2. Lubricants for Wire, Tube, and Profile Drawing 13.2.1. Wire Drawing 13.2.2. Profile Drawing 13.2.3. Tube Drawing 13.2.4. Hydroforming 13.3. Lubricants for Rolling 13.3.1. Rolling Steel Sheet 13.3.2. Rolling Aluminum Sheet 13.3.3. Rolling of Other Materials 13.4. Lubricants for Solid Metal Forming 14. Lubricating Greases 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Components of Greases 14.2.1. Thickeners 14.2.1.1. Simple Soaps 14.2.1.2. Complex Soaps 14.2.2. Other Ionic Organic Thickeners 14.2.3. Nonionic Organic Thickeners 14.2.4. Inorganic Thickeners 14.2.5. Miscellaneous Thickeners 14.2.6. Temporarily Thickened Fluids 14.3. Base Oils 14.3.1. Mineral Oils 14.3.2. Synthetic Base Oils 14.4. Grease Structure 14.5. Additives 14.6. Manufacture of Greases 14.6.1. Metal Soap-Based Greases 14.6.2. Oligourea Greases 14.6.3. Gel Greases 14.7. Grease Rheology 14.8. Performance 14.8.1. Test Methods 14.8.2. Analytical Methods 14.9. Applications 14.9.1. Roller Bearings 14.9.2. Cars, Trucks, Construction Vehicles 14.9.3. Steel Mills 14.9.4. Mining 14.9.5. Railroad, Railway 14.9.6. Gears 14.9.7. Food-Grade Applications 14.9.8. Textile Machines 14.9.9. Applications with Polymeric Materials 14.10. Ecology and the Environment 14.11. Grease Tribology 15. Solid Lubricants 15.1. Classification 15.1.1. Class 1: Structural Lubricants 15.1.2. Class 2: Mechanical Lubricants 15.1.3. Class 3: Soaps 15.1.4. Class 4: Chemically Active Lubricants 15.2. Characteristics 15.2.1. Crystal Structures of Lamellar Solid Lubricants 15.2.2. Heat Stability 15.2.3. Thermal Conductivity 15.2.4. Adsorbed Films 15.2.5. Chemical Stability 15.2.6. Particle Size 15.3. Products Containing Solid Lubricants 15.3.1. Powders 15.3.2. Dispersions and Suspensions 15.3.3. Greases and Grease Pastes 15.3.4. Pastes 15.3.5. Dry-Film Lubricants 15.4. Industrial Uses of Products Containing Solid Lubricants 15.4.1. Screw Lubrication 15.4.2. Roller-Bearing Lubrication 15.4.3. Slide Bearing, Slide Guideway, and Slide Surface Lubrication 15.4.4. Chain Lubrication 15.4.5. Plastic and Elastomer Lubrication 16. Testing and Analysis 16.1. Base Oil Categories and Evaluation of Various Petroleum Base Oils 16.2. Laboratory Methods for Testing Lubricants 16.2.1. Density 16.2.2. Viscosity 16.2.3. Refractive Index 16.2.4. Structural Analyses 16.2.5. Flash Point 16.2.6. Surface Phenomena 16.2.7. Cloud Point, Pour Point 16.2.8. Aniline Point 16.2.9. Water Content 16.2.10. Ash Content 16.2.11. Acidity, Alkalinity 16.2.12. Aging Tests 16.2.13. Hydrolytic Stability 16.2.14. Corrosion Tests 16.2.15. Oil Compatibility of Seals and Insulating Materials 16.2.16. Evaporation Loss 16.2.17. Analysis of Grease 16.3. Mechanical - Dynamic Testing Methods for Lubricants 16.3.1. Tribological System Categories within Lubricant Tests 16.3.2. Standardized and Nonstandardized Test Methods for Lubricants 16.3.3. Common Mechanical - Dynamic Testers 17. Economic Aspects 18. Disposal of Used Lubricating Oils 18.1. Possible Uses of Waste Oil 18.2. Legislative Influences on Waste Oil Collection and Reconditioning 18.3. Re-refining 19. Toxicology and Occupational Health 19.1. Safety Aspects of Handling Lubricants (Working Materials) 19.1.1. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAK, PAH, PCA) 19.1.2. Nitrosamines in Cutting Fluids 19.2. Skin Problems Caused by Lubricants 20. Acknowledgement

Effects of dilution on fine particle mass and partitioning of semivolatile organics in diesel exhaust and wood smoke.

Abstract: Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of dilution on fine particle mass emissions from a diesel engine and wood stove. Filter measurements were made simultaneously using three dilution sampling systems operating at dilution ratios ranging from 20:1 to 510:1. Denuders and backup filters were used to quantify organic sampling artifacts. For the diesel engine operating at low load and wood combustion, large decreases in fine particle mass emissions were observed with increases in dilution. For example, the PM2.5 mass emission rate from a diesel engine operating at low load decreased by 50% when the dilution ratio was increased from 20:1 to 350:1. Measurements of organic and elemental carbon indicate that the changes in fine particle mass with dilution are caused by changes in partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds. At low levels of dilution semivolatile species largely occur in the particle phase, but increasing dilution reduces the concentration of semivolatile species, shifting this material to the gas phase in order to maintain phase equilibrium. Emissions of elemental carbon do not vary with dilution. Organic sampling artifacts are shown to vary with dilution because of the combination of changes in partitioning coupled with adsorption of gas-phase organics by quartz filters. The fine particle mass emissions from the diesel engine operating at medium load did not vary with dilution because of the lower emissions of semivolatile material and higher emissions of elemental carbon. To measure partitioning of semivolatile materials under atmospheric conditions, partitioning theory indicates that dilution samplers need to be operated such that the diluted exhaust achieves atmospheric levels of dilution. Too little dilution can potentially overestimate the fine particle mass emissions, and too much dilution (with clean air) can underestimate them.

Investigation of the impact of biodiesel fuelling on NOx emissions using an optical direct injection diesel engine

Abstract: The impact of biodiesel fuelling on NOx emissions was investigated using an optically accessible diesel engine. A soy-based biodiesel (B100) and three separate primary reference fuel (PRF) blends were evaluated over a range of loads at an engine speed of 800 r/min. Experimental operating conditions were carefully controlled to maintain a constant start of combustion (SOC), and a PRF blend was identified that would eliminate differences in premixed-burn fraction. A load-averaged NOx increase of ∼10 per cent was observed for B100 relative to the PRF blend with matched premixed-burn fraction. The results indicate that factors other than SOC and premixed-burn fraction affect the tendency for biodiesel to increase NOx. Equilibrium calculations reveal no significant differences in stoichiometric adiabatic flame temperature between the test fuels; however, experimental data suggest that actual flame temperatures may be influenced by differences in soot radiative heat transfer. The effect of biodiesel on ...

Effects on Particle Size Distribution from the Diesel Engine Operating on RME-Biodiesel with EGR

Abstract: In the present study, the effects of the neat biodiesel (rapeseed methyl ester, RME) fueled diesel engine with the use of EGR on the particle size distribution were examined The combustion of REM significantly improves the engine smoke and total particle mass but increases both NOx and particle concentration with low aerodynamic diameters (<0091 μm) when compared to the diesel (ultralow sulfur diesel, ULSD) fueled engine Although the particle size and mass distribution were not affected significantly by the different EGR additions, the particle total number and mass were increased considerably for both fuels For the RME fueled engine, the EGR addition reduces the particles in the lowest aerodynamic diameter measured (0046 μm) The use of EGR better suits the RME combustion, as apart from resulting in the higher NOx reduction, it maintained the smoke (soot, particulate matter) at relatively low levels The results are also confirming that it is challenging to reduce simultaneously total particle mass

Diesel Emissions and Their COntrol

Abstract: This book will assist readers in meeting today's tough challenges of improving diesel engine emissions, diesel efficiency, and public perception of the diesel engine. It can be used as an introductory text, while at the same time providing practical information that will be useful for experienced readers. This comprehensive book is well illustrated with more than 560 figures and 80 tables. Each main section is broken down into chapters that offer more specific and extensive information on current issues, as well as answers to technical questions.

Characteristics of SME biodiesel-fueled diesel particle emissions and the kinetics of oxidation

Abstract: Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative diesel fuels. As diesel emission regulations have become more stringent, the diesel particulate filter (DPF) has become an essential part of the aftertreatment system. Knowledge of kinetics of exhaust particle oxidation for alternative diesel fuels is useful in estimating the change in regeneration behavior of a DPF with such fuels. This study examines the characteristics of diesel particulate emissions as well as kinetics of particle oxidation using a 1996 John Deere T04045TF250 off-highway engine and 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel (B100) as fuel. Compared to standard D2 fuel, this B100 reduced particle size, number, and volume in the accumulation mode where most of the particle mass is found. At 75% load, number decreased by 38%, DGN decreased from 80 to 62 nm, and volume decreased by 82%. Part of this decrease is likely associated with the fact that the particles were more easily oxidized. Arrhenius parameters for the biodiesel fuel showed a 2-3times greater frequency factor and approximately 6 times higher oxidation rate compared to regular diesel fuel in the range of 700-825 degrees C. The faster oxidation kinetics should facilitate regeneration when used with a DPF.

Comparative bio-fuel performance in internal combustion engines

Abstract: An experimental programme examining performance and emissions from spark- and compression-ignition engines, running on a variety of bio-fuels, including simulated bio-gas and commercial seed oil is presented. Both engines were single-cylinder laboratory-type engines of comparable power output having variable speed and load capability, the spark-ignition engine additionally having variable compression ratio. For bio-gas, containing carbon dioxide, emissions of oxides of nitrogen were reduced relative to natural gas, while unburnt hydrocarbons were increased. Brake power and specific fuel consumption changed little and carbon monoxide was predominantly affected by air:fuel ratio. Equivalent effects were demonstrated with nitrogen replacing carbon dioxide in the simulated bio-gas and similar trends were evident as compression ratio was increased. Seed-oil bio-fuel gave similar performance to diesel fuel without major disadvantages, other than an increased specific fuel consumption. Tests with cetane and rape-seed methyl ester bio-diesel are also presented for comparison. Specific fuel consumption was about the same and specific NOx emissions were lower with bio-fuel than results from the spark-ignition engine tests running on biogas.

Low Temperature Combustion in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Using High Levels of EGR

Abstract: The possibilities for extending the range of engine loads in which soot and NOx emissions can be minimised by using low temperature combustion in conjunction with high levels of EGR was investigated in a series of experiments with a single cylinder research engine. The results show that very low levels of both soot and NOx emissions can be achieved at engine loads up to 50 % by reducing the compression ratio to 14 and applying high levels of EGR (up to approximately 60 %). Unfortunately, the low temperature combustion is accompanied by increases in fuel consumption and emissions of both HC and CO. However, these drawbacks can be reduced by advancing the injection timing. The research engine was a 2 litre direct injected (DI), supercharged, heavy duty, single cylinder diesel engine with a geometry based on Volvo's 12 litre engine, and the amount of EGR was increased by adjusting the exhaust back pressure while keeping the charge air pressure constant.