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An optimized acetylcholine sensor for monitoring in vivo cholinergic activity.

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TLDR
The GRAB ACh (GPCR-activation-based ACh) sensor is optimized to achieve substantially improved sensitivity in ACh detection, as well as reduced downstream coupling to intracellular pathways.
Abstract
The ability to directly measure acetylcholine (ACh) release is an essential step toward understanding its physiological function. Here we optimized the GRABACh (GPCR-activation-based ACh) sensor to achieve substantially improved sensitivity in ACh detection, as well as reduced downstream coupling to intracellular pathways. The improved version of the ACh sensor retains the subsecond response kinetics, physiologically relevant affinity and precise molecular specificity for ACh of its predecessor. Using this sensor, we revealed compartmental ACh signals in the olfactory center of transgenic flies in response to external stimuli including odor and body shock. Using fiber photometry recording and two-photon imaging, our ACh sensor also enabled sensitive detection of single-trial ACh dynamics in multiple brain regions in mice performing a variety of behaviors.

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An action potential initiation mechanism in distal axons for the control of dopamine release

TL;DR: The findings uncover an endogenous mechanism for action potential initiation independent of somatodendritic integration and establish that this mechanism segregates the control of dopamine signaling between axons and somata.
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A fluorescent sensor for spatiotemporally resolved imaging of endocannabinoid dynamics in vivo

TL;DR: GRABeCB2.0 as discussed by the authors consists of a circular-permutated EGFP and the human CB1 cannabinoid receptor, providing cell membrane trafficking, second-resolution kinetics with high specificity for eCBs, and shows a robust fluorescence response at physiological eCB concentrations.
Journal ArticleDOI

Characterizing Cortex-Wide Dynamics with Wide-Field Calcium Imaging.

TL;DR: Wide-field calcium imaging, combined with improved genetically encoded calcium indicators, allows sufficient signal-to-noise ratio and spatiotemporal resolution to afford a unique opportunity to capture cortex-wide dynamics on a moment-by-moment basis in behaving animals as mentioned in this paper.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases

TL;DR: An isothermal, single-reaction method for assembling multiple overlapping DNA molecules by the concerted action of a 5′ exonuclease, a DNA polymerase and a DNA ligase is described.
Journal ArticleDOI

Independent optical excitation of distinct neural populations

TL;DR: Two channelrhodopsins, Chronos and Chrimson, are described, discovered through sequencing and physiological characterization of opsins from over 100 species of alga, that enable two-color activation of neural spiking and downstream synaptic transmission in independent neural populations without detectable cross-talk in mouse brain slice.
Journal ArticleDOI

The role of acetylcholine in learning and memory.

TL;DR: The effects in entorhinal and perirhinal cortex and hippocampus might be important for encoding new episodic memories, and computational modeling links the function of cholinergic modulation to specific cellular effects within these regions.
Journal ArticleDOI

Acetylcholine as a neuromodulator: cholinergic signaling shapes nervous system function and behavior

TL;DR: Action of cholinergic signaling on cellular and synaptic properties of neurons in several brain areas are identified and consequences of this signaling on behaviors related to drug abuse, attention, food intake, and affect are discussed.
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