Journal ArticleDOI
Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.
Endel Tulving,Donald M. Thomson +1 more
TLDR
This paper describes and evaluates explanations offered by these theories to account for the effect of extralist cuing, facilitation of recall of list items by nonlist items.Abstract:
Recent changes in prctheorclical orientation toward problems of human memory have brought with them a concern with retrieval processes, and a number of early versions of theories of retrieval have been constructed. This paper describes and evaluates explanations offered by these theories to account for the effect of extralist cuing, facilitation of recall of list items by nonlist items. Experiments designed to test the currently most popular theory of retrieval, the generation-recognition theory, yielded results incompatible not only with generation-recognition models, but most other theories as well: under certain conditions subjects consistently failed to recognize many recallable list words. Several tentative explanations of this phenomenon of recognition failure were subsumed under the encoding specificity principle according to which the memory trace of an event and hence the properties of effective retrieval cue are determined by the specific encoding operations performed by the system on the input stimuli.read more
Citations
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When does a different environmental context make a difference in recognition? A global activation model
Kevin Murnane,Matthew P. Phelps +1 more
TL;DR: A formal model of context-dependent recognition within a global activation framework is presented and the effects on recognition of changes in environmental context between learning and test are examined.
Journal ArticleDOI
The availability and effectiveness of reported mediators in associative learning: A historical review and an experimental investigation
TL;DR: This paper provided a historical review and empirical investigation of the availability and the effectiveness of different types of mediator in associative learning, as inferred from subjects' retrospective reports, and argued that retrospective mediator reports provide valid accounts of the cognitive processes that occur at the time of learning and that play a causal role in determining the subsequent level of retention.
Journal ArticleDOI
Naive causal understanding of valenced behaviors and its implications for social information processing
TL;DR: Research findings are reviewed in support of the idea that people possess naive theories of the causes of valenced behaviors, and the analysis is extended to establish how these sense-making tendencies affect the manner in which people approach and process information about others.
Journal ArticleDOI
Recollection Is a Continuous Process Implications for Dual-Process Theories of Recognition Memory
TL;DR: Using a source-memory procedure, it is found that the relationship between confidence and source-recollection accuracy was graded, suggesting dual-process theory is more compatible with signal detection theory than previously thought.
Journal ArticleDOI
Optimizing Cue Effectiveness: Recall of 500 and 600 Incidentally Learned Words
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed distinctive and compatibility of retrieval cues as two necessary preconditions to perfect recall performance for large amounts of pictorial information, and demonstrated that retrieval cues can increase the capacity of human memory.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the evidence for multistore theories of memory and pointed out some difficulties with the approach and proposed an alternative framework for human memory research in terms of depth or levels of processing.
Book ChapterDOI
Human memory ; A proposed system and its control processes
TL;DR: This chapter presents a general theoretical framework of human memory and describes the results of a number of experiments designed to test specific models that can be derived from the overall theory.
Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.
TL;DR: In this paper, the notion of a collective unconscious was introduced as a theory of remembering in social psychology, and a study of remembering as a study in Social Psychology was carried out.
Journal ArticleDOI
Remembering: a study in experimental and social psychology
F. C. Bartlett,Cyril Burt +1 more