Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015.
Eili Y. Klein,Eili Y. Klein,Thomas P. Van Boeckel,Elena Martinez,Suraj Pant,Sumanth Gandra,Simon A. Levin,Herman Goossens,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Ramanan Laxminarayan +10 more
TLDR
It is found that the antibiotic consumption rate in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) has been converging to (and in some countries surpassing) levels typically observed in high-income countries, and projected total global antibiotic consumption through 2030 was up to 200% higher than the 42 billion DDDs estimated in 2015.Abstract:
Tracking antibiotic consumption patterns over time and across countries could inform policies to optimize antibiotic prescribing and minimize antibiotic resistance, such as setting and enforcing per capita consumption targets or aiding investments in alternatives to antibiotics. In this study, we analyzed the trends and drivers of antibiotic consumption from 2000 to 2015 in 76 countries and projected total global antibiotic consumption through 2030. Between 2000 and 2015, antibiotic consumption, expressed in defined daily doses (DDD), increased 65% (21.1–34.8 billion DDDs), and the antibiotic consumption rate increased 39% (11.3–15.7 DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day). The increase was driven by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where rising consumption was correlated with gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) growth (P = 0.004). In high-income countries (HICs), although overall consumption increased modestly, DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day fell 4%, and there was no correlation with GDPPC. Of particular concern was the rapid increase in the use of last-resort compounds, both in HICs and LMICs, such as glycylcyclines, oxazolidinones, carbapenems, and polymyxins. Projections of global antibiotic consumption in 2030, assuming no policy changes, were up to 200% higher than the 42 billion DDDs estimated in 2015. Although antibiotic consumption rates in most LMICs remain lower than in HICs despite higher bacterial disease burden, consumption in LMICs is rapidly converging to rates similar to HICs. Reducing global consumption is critical for reducing the threat of antibiotic resistance, but reduction efforts must balance access limitations in LMICs and take account of local and global resistance patterns.read more
Citations
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Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals in photobioreactors – a systematic literature review
Katarzyna Chojnacka,Dawid Skrzypczak,Grzegorz Izydorczyk,Katarzyna Mikula,Daniel Szopa,Konstantinos Moustakas,Anna Witek-Krowiak +6 more
TL;DR: The conclusion from the systematic review is that the main factors that limit widespread pharmaceuticals removal in photobioreactors are high costs and the problem of low efficiency related with low concentrations of pharmaceuticals.
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Conurbation size drives antibiotic resistance along the river.
Shuyidan Zhou,Fu-Yi Huang,Xin-Yuan Zhou,Chenshuo Lin,Mingkang Jin,Roy Neilson,Hu Li,Jian-Qiang Su +7 more
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors assessed the ARGs profiles and antibiotic resistome in water samples along the Jiulong River basin, a distance of 250 km, to better understand the impact of anthropogenic activities.
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Infection, Antibiotics, and Patient Outcomes in the Intensive Care Unit.
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Bacteria survival strategies in contact with antibiotics.
TL;DR: The usefulness of proposed classification of resistant bacteria is described, including improved understanding of the correlation between bacteria survival in the presence of antibiotics and molecular mechanism of cell metabolism inhibition, the possibility for development of rational antimicrobial therapy methods.
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Previously Derived Host Gene Expression Classifiers Identify Bacterial and Viral Etiologies of Acute Febrile Respiratory Illness in a South Asian Population.
L. Gayani Tillekeratne,Sunil Suchindran,Emily R Ko,Emily R Ko,Emily R Ko,Elizabeth Petzold,Champica K Bodinayake,Champica K Bodinayake,Ajith Nagahawatte,Ajith Nagahawatte,Vasantha Devasiri,Ruvini Kurukulasooriya,Bradly P. Nicholson,Micah T. McClain,Micah T. McClain,Micah T. McClain,Thomas W. Burke,Thomas W. Burke,Ephraim L. Tsalik,Ephraim L. Tsalik,Ephraim L. Tsalik,Ricardo Henao,Ricardo Henao,Geoffrey S. Ginsburg,Geoffrey S. Ginsburg,Megan E. Reller,Megan E. Reller,Megan E. Reller,Christopher W. Woods +28 more
TL;DR: Previously derived gene expression classifiers had high predictive accuracy at distinguishing viral and bacterial infection in South Asian patients with ARI caused by typical and atypical pathogens.
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TL;DR: It is explained how, in principle, early warning systems could be established to detect the proximity of some tipping points, and critically evaluate potential policy-relevant tipping elements in the climate system under anthropogenic forcing.
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