Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015.
Eili Y. Klein,Eili Y. Klein,Thomas P. Van Boeckel,Elena Martinez,Suraj Pant,Sumanth Gandra,Simon A. Levin,Herman Goossens,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Ramanan Laxminarayan,Ramanan Laxminarayan +10 more
TLDR
It is found that the antibiotic consumption rate in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) has been converging to (and in some countries surpassing) levels typically observed in high-income countries, and projected total global antibiotic consumption through 2030 was up to 200% higher than the 42 billion DDDs estimated in 2015.Abstract:
Tracking antibiotic consumption patterns over time and across countries could inform policies to optimize antibiotic prescribing and minimize antibiotic resistance, such as setting and enforcing per capita consumption targets or aiding investments in alternatives to antibiotics. In this study, we analyzed the trends and drivers of antibiotic consumption from 2000 to 2015 in 76 countries and projected total global antibiotic consumption through 2030. Between 2000 and 2015, antibiotic consumption, expressed in defined daily doses (DDD), increased 65% (21.1–34.8 billion DDDs), and the antibiotic consumption rate increased 39% (11.3–15.7 DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day). The increase was driven by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where rising consumption was correlated with gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) growth (P = 0.004). In high-income countries (HICs), although overall consumption increased modestly, DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day fell 4%, and there was no correlation with GDPPC. Of particular concern was the rapid increase in the use of last-resort compounds, both in HICs and LMICs, such as glycylcyclines, oxazolidinones, carbapenems, and polymyxins. Projections of global antibiotic consumption in 2030, assuming no policy changes, were up to 200% higher than the 42 billion DDDs estimated in 2015. Although antibiotic consumption rates in most LMICs remain lower than in HICs despite higher bacterial disease burden, consumption in LMICs is rapidly converging to rates similar to HICs. Reducing global consumption is critical for reducing the threat of antibiotic resistance, but reduction efforts must balance access limitations in LMICs and take account of local and global resistance patterns.read more
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Distribution and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Liquid and Solid Phases in the Unit Processes of Sewage Treatment Plants.
Junwon Park,Chang-Soo Kim,Youngmin Hong,Wonseok Lee,Hyen-Mi Chung,Dong-Hwan Jeong,Hyunook Kim +6 more
TL;DR: Analysis of pharmaceuticals in liquid and solid phase samples collected from the unit processes of four different sewage treatment plants showed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most dominant and antibiotics in the influent increased to 14%–30% in the effluent.
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Biofilm Production Ability, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Staphylococcus aureus from Various Veterinary Hospitals
Lin Chen,Lin Chen,Ziyun Tang,Shiyun Cui,Zhen-Bao Ma,Hua Deng,Wei-Li Kong,Li-Wen Yang,Chao Lin,Wenguang Xiong,Zhenling Zeng +10 more
TL;DR: The study showed that the isolates with strong biofilm production ability had a higher prevalence in clfA, clfB, fnbA and sdrC genes compared to the isolate with weak biofilmProduction ability, and the clonal dissemination of S. aureus of different origins in veterinary hospitals may have occurred.
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The mechanism of action of pepR, a viral-derived peptide, against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.
Sandra N. Pinto,Susana A. Dias,Ana F. Cruz,Dalila Mil-Homens,Fábio Fernandes,Javier Valle,David Andreu,Manuel Prieto,Miguel A. R. B. Castanho,Ana Coutinho,Ana Coutinho,Ana Salomé Veiga +11 more
TL;DR: The results show that the activity of pepR on pre-formed biofilms is controlled by its diffusion along the biofilm layers, an effect that can be counteracted by an additional administration of peptide.
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Dynamics of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in four types of kitchen waste composting processes
TL;DR: In this paper , the effects of different kitchen waste composting types on the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes were compared and the authors provided further insights into exploring the effective strategies in minimizing the risk of antibiotic resistance from kitchen waste via composting process.
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The internationalization of human microbiome research.
Ana M. Porras,Ilana L. Brito +1 more
TL;DR: This review highlights major advances toward understanding microbiome diversity across the world and its contributions to disease, and outlines key questions, challenges, and opportunities to broaden the scope of and promote inclusivity within microbiome research.
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