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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

IceCube-Gen2: the window to the extreme Universe

M. G. Aartsen, +443 more
- 01 Jun 2021 - 
- Vol. 48, Iss: 6, pp 060501-060501
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TLDR
In this article, the authors present an overview of a next-generation instrument, IceCube-Gen2, which will sharpen our understanding of the processes and environments that govern the Universe at the highest energies.
Abstract
The observation of electromagnetic radiation from radio to γ-ray wavelengths has provided a wealth of information about the Universe. However, at PeV (1015 eV) energies and above, most of the Universe is impenetrable to photons. New messengers, namely cosmic neutrinos, are needed to explore the most extreme environments of the Universe where black holes, neutron stars, and stellar explosions transform gravitational energy into non-thermal cosmic rays. These energetic particles havemillions of times higher energies than those produced in the most powerful particle accelerators on Earth. As neutrinos can escape from regions otherwise opaque to radiation, they allow an unique view deep into exploding stars and the vicinity of the event horizons of black holes. The discovery of cosmic neutrinos with IceCube has opened this new window on the Universe. IceCube has been successful in finding first evidence for cosmic particle acceleration in the jet of an active galactic nucleus. Yet, ultimately, its sensitivity is too limited to detect even the brightest neutrino sources with high significance, or to detect populations of less luminous sources. In thiswhite paper, we present an overview of a next-generation instrument, IceCube-Gen2, which will sharpen our understanding of the processes and environments that govern the Universe at the highest energies. IceCube-Gen2 is designed to: (a) Resolve the high-energy neutrino sky from TeV to EeV energies (b) Investigate cosmic particle acceleration through multi-messenger observations (c) Reveal the sources and propagation of the highest energy particles in the Universe (d) Probe fundamental physics with high-energy neutrinos IceCube-Gen2 will enhance the existing IceCube detector at the South Pole. It will increase the annual rate of observed cosmic neutrinos by a factor of ten compared to IceCube, and will be able to detect sources five times fainter than its predecessor. Furthermore, through the addition of a radio array, IceCube- Gen2 will extend the energy range by several orders of magnitude compared to IceCube. Construction will take 8 years and cost about $350M. The goal is to have IceCube-Gen2 fully operational by 2033. IceCube-Gen2 will play an essential role in shaping the new era of multimessenger astronomy, fundamentally advancing our knowledge of the highenergy Universe. This challenging mission can be fully addressed only through the combination of the information from the neutrino, electromagnetic, and gravitational wave emission of high-energy sources, in concert with the new survey instruments across the electromagnetic spectrum and gravitational wave detectors which will be available in the coming years.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era—A review

TL;DR: In this article , a review of the interdisciplinary expertise that is needed in the effective search of quantum gravity footprints in the production, propagation and detection of cosmic messengers is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI

The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC

Jonathan L. Feng, +235 more
- 09 Mar 2022 - 
TL;DR: The Forward Physics Facility (FPF) as mentioned in this paper is a suite of experiments to probe standard model processes and search for physics beyond the standard model (BSM) beyond the acceptance of existing LHC experiments.
Journal ArticleDOI

Measurement of the high-energy all-flavor neutrino-nucleon cross section with IceCube

Rasha Abbasi, +362 more
- 08 Jul 2021 - 
TL;DR: In this article, the neutrino cross section between 60 TeV and 10 PeV was measured using the high-energy starting event (HESE) sample from IceCube with 7.5 years of data.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

APS : Review of Particle Physics, 2018-2019

Masaharu Tanabashi, +230 more
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TL;DR: The complete review as discussed by the authors is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (http://pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as thePDG Book.
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Advanced Virgo: a second-generation interferometric gravitational wave detector

Fausto Acernese, +233 more
TL;DR: Advanced Virgo as mentioned in this paper is the project to upgrade the Virgo interferometric detector of gravitational waves, with the aim of increasing the number of observable galaxies (and thus the detection rate) by three orders of magnitude.
Journal ArticleDOI

End to the cosmic ray spectrum

TL;DR: The primary cosmic-ray spectrum has been measured up to an energy of $10^{20}$ eV, and several groups have described projects under development or in mind to investigate the spectrum further, into the energy range of 10^{21}-10^{22} eV as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI

GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the First and Second Observing Runs

B. P. Abbott, +1148 more
- 04 Sep 2019 - 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the results from three gravitational-wave searches for coalescing compact binaries with component masses above 1 Ma during the first and second observing runs of the advanced GW detector network.
Journal ArticleDOI

Lorentz-Violating Extension of the Standard Model

TL;DR: In this article, a general Lorentz-violating extension of the minimal quantum field theory is presented, which can be viewed as the low-energy limit of a physically relevant fundamental theory with Lorenerz-covariant dynamics in which spontaneous LorentZ violation occurs.
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