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Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review

TLDR
The state-of-the-art of additive manufacturing (AM) can be classified into three categories: direct digital manufacturing, free-form fabrication, or 3D printing as discussed by the authors.
Abstract
This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of an important, rapidly emerging, manufacturing technology that is alternatively called additive manufacturing (AM), direct digital manufacturing, free form fabrication, or 3D printing, etc. A broad contextual overview of metallic AM is provided. AM has the potential to revolutionize the global parts manufacturing and logistics landscape. It enables distributed manufacturing and the productions of parts-on-demand while offering the potential to reduce cost, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. This paper explores the material science, processes, and business consideration associated with achieving these performance gains. It is concluded that a paradigm shift is required in order to fully exploit AM potential.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Effects of laser-energy density and build orientation on the structure-property relationships in as-built Inconel 718 manufactured by laser powder bed fusion.

TL;DR: Insight is provided that could enable the tunability of structure-property relationships in as-built Inconel 718 by optimizing laser-energy density and build orientation.
Journal ArticleDOI

Tribological Behavior of Aluminum Alloy AlSi10Mg-TiB2 Composites Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure, hardness, and tribological properties of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) were investigated using a pin-on-disk apparatus on the prepared samples.
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Fabrication of Crack-Free Nickel-Based Superalloy Considered Non-Weldable during Laser Powder Bed Fusion

TL;DR: The typical LPBF columnar dendrite microstructure was found to be finer than reported elsewhere, and Mo-enriched carbides, presumed to play an important role in the cracking behavior of the alloy, were confirmed along interdendritic regions.
Journal ArticleDOI

A review on metallurgical aspects of laser additive manufacturing (LAM): Stainless steels, nickel superalloys, and titanium alloys

TL;DR: In this paper , a review of the state of the art in 3D printing is presented and the gaps in the scientific understanding are underlined, which may limit the growth of LAM technology for the design of metallic parts.
Journal ArticleDOI

Research Trends in Sustainable Manufacturing: A Review and Future Perspective based on Research Databases

TL;DR: In this article, the state-of-the-art and historical trajectory of sustainable manufacturing are analyzed using data obtained from the Web of Science library and the Journal Citation Reports (JCR).
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

As-Fabricated and Heat-Treated Microstructures of the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the various types of microstructure of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy after post-fabrication heat treatments below or above the β transus.
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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V

TL;DR: In this paper, the macrostructure, microstructure and mechanical properties of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy after WAAM deposition have been investigated, and the average yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the as-deposited material were found to be slightly lower than those for a forged Ti- 6Al 4V bar (MIL-T 9047), however, the ductility was similar and the mean fatigue life was significantly higher.
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Cost estimation for rapid manufacturing - laser sintering production for low to medium volumes:

TL;DR: In this article, a cost model for laser sintering is proposed, which leads to graph profiles that are typical for layer-by-layer manufacturing processes, and the evolution of cost models and the indirect cost significance in modern costing representation is shown.
Journal ArticleDOI

Environmental aspects of laser-based and conventional tool and die manufacturing

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated three case studies to reveal the extent to which DMD-based manufacturing of molds and dies can currently achieve reduced environmental emissions and energy consumption relative to conventional manufacturing pathways.
Journal ArticleDOI

The laser additive manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V

TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between LAM processing parameters and microstructure in as-deposited Ti-6Al-4V was investigated, and the results presented in this paper provide a first look at the relationships between the two parameters.
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