Toward a Minimal Representation of Aerosols in Climate Models: Description and Evaluation in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5
Xiaohong Liu,Richard C. Easter,Steven J. Ghan,Rahul A. Zaveri,Philip J. Rasch,Xiangjun Shi,Jean-Francois Lamarque,Andrew Gettelman,Hugh Morrison,Francis Vitt,Andrew Conley,Sungsu Park,Richard Neale,Cecile Hannay,Annica M. L. Ekman,Peter Hess,Natalie M. Mahowald,William D. Collins,Michael J. Iacono,Christopher S. Bretherton,Mark Flanner,David L. Mitchell +21 more
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In this article, a modal aerosol module (MAM) has been developed for the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), the atmospheric component of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1).Abstract:
. A modal aerosol module (MAM) has been developed for the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), the atmospheric component of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). MAM is capable of simulating the aerosol size distribution and both internal and external mixing between aerosol components, treating numerous complicated aerosol processes and aerosol physical, chemical and optical properties in a physically-based manner. Two MAM versions were developed: a more complete version with seven lognormal modes (MAM7), and a version with three lognormal modes (MAM3) for the purpose of long-term (decades to centuries) simulations. In this paper a description and evaluation of the aerosol module and its two representations are provided. Sensitivity of the aerosol lifecycle to simplifications in the representation of aerosol is discussed. Simulated sulfate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass concentrations are remarkably similar between MAM3 and MAM7. Differences in primary organic matter (POM) and black carbon (BC) concentrations between MAM3 and MAM7 are also small (mostly within 10%). The mineral dust global burden differs by 10% and sea salt burden by 30–40% between MAM3 and MAM7, mainly due to the different size ranges for dust and sea salt modes and different standard deviations of the log-normal size distribution for sea salt modes between MAM3 and MAM7. The model is able to qualitatively capture the observed geographical and temporal variations of aerosol mass and number concentrations, size distributions, and aerosol optical properties. However, there are noticeable biases; e.g., simulated BC concentrations are significantly lower than measurements in the Arctic. There is a low bias in modeled aerosol optical depth on the global scale, especially in the developing countries. These biases in aerosol simulations clearly indicate the need for improvements of aerosol processes (e.g., emission fluxes of anthropogenic aerosols and precursor gases in developing countries, boundary layer nucleation) and properties (e.g., primary aerosol emission size, POM hygroscopicity). In addition, the critical role of cloud properties (e.g., liquid water content, cloud fraction) responsible for the wet scavenging of aerosol is highlighted.read more
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Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment
Tami C. Bond,Sarah J. Doherty,David W. Fahey,Piers M. Forster,Terje Koren Berntsen,Benjamin DeAngelo,Mark Flanner,Steven J. Ghan,Bernd Kärcher,Dorothy Koch,Stefan Kinne,Yutaka Kondo,Patricia K. Quinn,Marcus C. Sarofim,Martin G. Schultz,Michael Schulz,Chandra Venkataraman,Hua Zhang,Shiqiu Zhang,Nicolas Bellouin,Sarath K. Guttikunda,Philip K. Hopke,Mark Z. Jacobson,Johannes W. Kaiser,Zbigniew Klimont,Ulrike Lohmann,Joshua P. Schwarz,Drew Shindell,Trude Storelvmo,Stephen G. Warren,Charles S. Zender +30 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provided an assessment of black-carbon climate forcing that is comprehensive in its inclusion of all known and relevant processes and that is quantitative in providing best estimates and uncertainties of the main forcing terms: direct solar absorption; influence on liquid, mixed phase, and ice clouds; and deposition on snow and ice.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Community Earth System Model: A Framework for Collaborative Research
James W. Hurrell,Marika M. Holland,Peter R. Gent,Steven J. Ghan,Jennifer E. Kay,Paul J. Kushner,Jean-Francois Lamarque,William G. Large,David M. Lawrence,Keith Lindsay,William H. Lipscomb,Matthew C. Long,Natalie M. Mahowald,Daniel R. Marsh,Richard Neale,Philip J. Rasch,S. J. Vavrus,M. Vertenstein,David C. Bader,William D. Collins,James J. Hack,Jeffrey T. Kiehl,Shawn J. Marshall +22 more
TL;DR: The Community Earth System Model (CESM) as discussed by the authors is a community tool used to investigate a diverse set of Earth system interactions across multiple time and space scales, including biogeochemical cycles, a variety of atmospheric chemistry options, the Greenland Ice Sheet, and an atmosphere that extends to the lower thermosphere.
Journal ArticleDOI
Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations
Gunnar Myhre,Bjørn Hallvard Samset,Michael Schulz,Yves Balkanski,Susanne E. Bauer,Terje Koren Berntsen,Huisheng Bian,Nicolas Bellouin,Nicolas Bellouin,Mian Chin,Thomas Diehl,Thomas Diehl,Richard C. Easter,Johann Feichter,Steven J. Ghan,Didier Hauglustaine,Trond Iversen,Trond Iversen,Stefan Kinne,Alf Kirkevåg,Jean-Francois Lamarque,Guangxing Lin,Xiaohong Liu,Marianne Tronstad Lund,Gan Luo,Xiaoyan Ma,T. P. C. van Noije,Joyce E. Penner,Philip J. Rasch,A. Ruiz,A. Ruiz,Øyvind Seland,Ragnhild Bieltvedt Skeie,Philip Stier,Toshihiko Takemura,Kostas Tsigaridis,Ping Wang,Zhili Wang,Li Xu,Li Xu,Hongbin Yu,Fangqun Yu,Jin-Ho Yoon,Kai Zhang,Kai Zhang,Hui Zhang,Cheng Zhou +46 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on the AeroCom Phase II direct aerosol effect (DAE) experiment where 16 detailed global aerosol models have been used to simulate the changes in the aerosol distribution over the industrial era.
Journal ArticleDOI
The EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model -- technical description
David Simpson,David Simpson,Anna Benedictow,Halldis Berge,Robert Bergström,Robert Bergström,Lisa Emberson,Hilde Fagerli,Chris Flechard,Garry Hayman,Michael Gauss,Jan Eiof Jonson,Michael E. Jenkin,Agnes Nyiri,Cornelia Richter,Valiyavetil S. Semeena,Svetlana Tsyro,Juha Pekka Tuovinen,Alvaro Valdebenito,Peter Wind,Peter Wind +20 more
TL;DR: The Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-West (MSC-W) of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) has been performing model calculations in support of the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) for more than 30 years as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Recent advances in understanding secondary organic aerosol: Implications for global climate forcing
Manish Shrivastava,Christopher D. Cappa,Jiwen Fan,Allen H. Goldstein,Alex Guenther,Jose L. Jimenez,Chongai Kuang,Alexander Laskin,Scot T. Martin,Nga L. Ng,Tuukka Petäjä,Jeffrey R. Pierce,Philip J. Rasch,Pontus Roldin,John H. Seinfeld,John E. Shilling,James N. Smith,Joel A. Thornton,Rainer Volkamer,Jian Wang,Douglas R. Worsnop,Rahul A. Zaveri,Alla Zelenyuk,Qi Zhang +23 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes some of the important developments during the past decade in understanding secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, including formation of extremely low volatility organics in the gas phase, acid-catalyzed multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols, particle-phase oligomerization, and physical properties such as volatility and viscosity.
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