Brown University

About: Brown University is a education organization based out in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 35778 authors who have published 90896 publications receiving 4471489 citations. The organization is also known as: brown.edu & Brown.

The effects of entry on incumbent innovation and productivity

Abstract: HERE is a long-standing interest in the effects of entry, which are widely recognized as major drivers of economic growth. Entry can induce reallocation of inputs and outputs, trigger knowledge spillovers, and affect innovation incentives in incumbent firms. The desire to induce entry by foreign firms has spurred widespread policy reforms, particularly in countries or industries behind the technology frontier. However, empirical studies of the effects of market liberalizations and inward direct investment from foreign firms provide mixed results on incumbent reactions. 1 In this paper we explore systematic variation in the response of incumbent firms to entry. We are motivated by the following empirical regularity—we see substantial heterogeneity in the correlation between greenfield foreign firm entry and incumbent productivity growth when we look across industries in the United Kingdom. In industries close to the technology frontier there is a strong and positive correlation, while a weak or even negative one is found in industries that lag behind. This is illustrated in figure 1, where we plot the annual rate of greenfield foreign firm entry in each industry-year against the respective average of subsequent total factor productivity growth in incumbent establishments. The sample is split at the median distance to the technology frontier, as measured by a labor productivity index that relates incumbents in U.K. industries to their U.S. industry equivalent. Our explanation for this variation follows from Schumpeterian growth theory—threat from frontier entrants induces incumbents in sectors that are initially close to the technology frontier to innovate more, and this triggers productivity growth, but entry threat reduces the expected rents from doing R&D for incumbents in sectors further from the frontier. In the former case, incumbent firms close to the frontier know that they can escape and survive entry by innovating successfully, and so they react with more intensive innovation activities aimed at escaping the threat.

Seasonal Influenza in Adults and Children—Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Abstract: Guidelines for the treatment of persons with influenza virus infection were prepared by an Expert Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The evidence-based guidelines encompass diagnostic issues, treatment and chemoprophylaxis with antiviral medications, and issues related to institutional outbreak management for seasonal (interpandemic) influenza. They are intended for use by physicians in all medical specialties with direct patient care, because influenza virus infection is common in communities during influenza season and may be encountered by practitioners caring for a wide variety of patients.

CT Angiography for Safe Discharge of Patients with Possible Acute Coronary Syndromes

Abstract: A b s t r ac t Background Admission rates among patients presenting to emergency departments with possible acute coronary syndromes are high, although for most of these patients, the symptoms are ultimately found not to have a cardiac cause. Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) has a very high negative predictive value for the detection of coronary disease, but its usefulness in determining whether discharge of patients from the emergency department is safe is not well established. Methods We randomly assigned low-to-intermediate-risk patients presenting with possible acute coronary syndromes, in a 2:1 ratio, to undergo CCTA or to receive traditional care. Patients were enrolled at five centers in the United States. Patients older than 30 years of age with a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction risk score of 0 to 2 and signs or symptoms warranting admission or testing were eligible. The primary outcome was safety, assessed in the subgroup of patients with a negative CCTA examination, with safety defined as the absence of myocardial infarction and cardiac death during the first 30 days after presentation. Results We enrolled 1370 subjects: 908 in the CCTA group and 462 in the group receiving traditional care. The baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. Of 640 patients with a negative CCTA examination, none died or had a myocardial infarction within 30 days (0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0 to 0.57). As compared with patients receiving traditional care, patients in the CCTA group had a higher rate of discharge from the emergency department (49.6% vs. 22.7%; difference, 26.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 21.4 to 32.2), a shorter length of stay (median, 18.0 hours vs. 24.8 hours; P<0.001), and a higher rate of detection of coronary disease (9.0% vs. 3.5%; difference, 5.6 percentage points; 95% CI, 0 to 11.2). There was one serious adverse event in each group. Conclusions

Planar hexagonal B 36 as a potential basis for extended single-atom layer boron sheets

Abstract: Unlike carbon, boron is unable to form graphene-type structures, although variants with hexagonal holes have been suggested. Here the authors provide experimental evidence for the viability of such atom-thin boron sheets on the basis of a hexagonal vacancy discovered in a 36-atom planar boron cluster.