Philips

About: Philips is a company organization based out in Vantaa, Finland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Signal & Layer (electronics). The organization has 68260 authors who have published 99663 publications receiving 1882329 citations. The organization is also known as: Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. & Royal Philips Electronics.

The behaviour of flip-flops used as synchronizers and prediction of their failure rate

Abstract: Deals with the behavior of flip-flops, used as input synchronizers, in particular when they operate in the metastable region. It is shown first, theoretically as well as experimentally, that the average rate of system failures, due to the occurrence of metastable states (MSSs), is independent of circuit noise. A formula which describes the probability of occurrence of a metastable state has been derived. To verify the theory, measurements have been made on a flip-flop made in n-channel MOS technology. Also a method is given for predicting the average number of system failures, for a given flip-flop, occurring over a year. This method is applied to predict this average failure rate for the designed synchronizer.

Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance of magnetic multilayers

Abstract: The theoretical and experimental studies of the giant magnetoresistance effect in metallic magnetic multilayers with measuring current perpendicular to the interface planes are reviewed. Theoretical formalisms of electronic transport in the inhomogeneous electron gas are critically compared with emphasis on the perpendicular magnetoresistance in multilayers. The effects of interface roughness, potential steps at the interfaces, and realistic band structures are addressed. The experimental determination of the perpendicular resistance of metallic multilayers requires either low-resistance measurement techniques or microfabricated samples with enhanced resistances. The experimental methods known at present are discussed and, where possible, compared with each other.

Molecular MR imaging of melanoma angiogenesis with alphanubeta3-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles

Abstract: Neovascularization is a critical component in the progression of malignant melanoma. The objective of this study was to determine whether alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles can detect and characterize sparse alpha(nu)beta integrin expression on neovasculature induced by nascent melanoma xenografts ( approximately 30 mm(3)) at 1.5T. Athymic nude mice bearing human melanoma tumors were intravenously injected with alpha(v)beta(3)-integrin-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles, nontargeted paramagnetic nanoparticles, or alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted-nonparamagnetic nanoparticles 2 hr before they were injected with alpha(v)beta(3)-integrin-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles (i.e., in vivo competitive blockade) and imaged with MRI. Contrast enhancement of neovascularity in animals that received alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles increased 173% by 120 min. Signal contrast with nontargeted paramagnetic nanoparticles was approximately 50% less than that in the targeted group (P < 0.05). Molecular MRI results were corroborated by histology. In a competitive cell adhesion assay, incubation of alpha(nu)beta(3)-expressing cells with targeted nanoparticles significantly inhibited binding to a vitronectin-coated surface, confirming the bioactivity of the targeted nanoparticles. The present study lowers the limit previously reported for detecting sparse biomarkers with molecular MRI in vivo. This technique may be employed to noninvasively detect very small regions of angiogenesis associated with nascent melanoma tumors, and to phenotype and stage early melanoma in a clinical setting.

Synchronizing text/visual information with audio playback

Abstract: A method of synchronizing visual information with audio playback includes the steps of selecting a desired audio file from a list stored in memory associated with a display device, sending a signal from the display device to a remote device to cause the remote device to start playing the desired audio file; and displaying visual information associated with the desired audio file on the display device in accordance with timestamp data such that the visual information is displayed synchronously with the playing of the desired audio file, wherein the commencement of playing the desired audio file and the commencement of the displaying step are a function of the signal from the display device.