Showing papers in "Cell Host & Microbe in 2019"

TL;DR: How the modern scientific community works to improve the reliability and success ofphage therapy in the clinic is explored and how to properly evaluate the potential for phage therapy to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria is discussed.

TL;DR: This Review summarizes the available methods and main findings regarding taxonomic composition, community structure, and population dynamics in the human gut phageome, and discusses the main challenges in the field and identify promising avenues for future research.

TL;DR: This study performed longitudinal metagenomic analysis of fecal viruses in healthy adults that reveal high temporal stability, individual specificity, and correlation with the bacterial microbiome.

TL;DR: Data from two subjects consuming only meal replacement beverages suggest that a monotonous diet does not induce microbiome stability in humans, and instead, overall dietary diversity associates with microbiome stability.

TL;DR: Findings regarding mechanisms underlying bacterial tolerance and persistence in biofilms and how these phenotypes are linked to antibiotic resistance are discussed are discussed.

TL;DR: Providing pumped breastmilk was consistently associated with multiple microbiota parameters including enrichment of potential pathogens and depletion of bifidobacteria, which support the retrograde inoculation hypothesis, whereby the infant oral cavity impacts the milk microbiota.

TL;DR: Insight is provided into the ecological importance of phages as modulators of bacterial colonization, and the potential impact of gut phages on the mammalian host is suggested with implications for their therapeutic use to precisely modulate the microbiome.

TL;DR: Results indicate that bacteriophages can alter mucosal immunity to impact mammalian health and reduce phages compared to non-responders.

TL;DR: It is proposed that innate immune memory, or "trained immunity," is a primitive form of adaptation in host defense, resulting from chromatin structure rearrangement, which provides an increased but non-specific response to reinfection.

TL;DR: Genomic analysis showed substantial functional diversity in the P. copri complex with notable differences in carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that multi-generational dietary modifications may be driving reduced prevalence in Westernized populations.

TL;DR: It is found that intra-individual B. fragilis populations contain substantial de novo nucleotide and mobile element diversity, preserving years of within-person history, and adapts within individual microbiomes, pointing to factors that promote long-term gut colonization.

TL;DR: Medications, including antihypertensives and antidiabetics, along with dietary supplements including iron, were significantly associated with microbiome variation and identify dietary and medication exposures to consider in future studies.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors characterized fungi directly associated with the intestinal mucosa in healthy people and Crohn's disease patients and identified fungi specifically abundant in patients, including Malassezia restricta, which elicits strong inflammatory cytokine production from innate cells harboring the IBD-linked polymorphism in CARD9.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed whole-virome analysis on a published keystone inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort and an in-house ulcerative colitis dataset to shed light on the composition of the human gut virome in IBD beyond this identifiable minority.

TL;DR: The role of bacterial sphingolipids in maintaining homeostasis and symbiosis in the gut is highlighted and lower abundances in IBD and negative correlations with inflammation and host sphingoipid production are revealed.

TL;DR: The literature regarding the microbial landscape along the rostral to caudal, i.e., horizontal mouth to anus, axis of the GIT is summarized to identify gaps in the literature, particularly regarding small intestinal microbiota abundance and diversity, and highlight the importance of regional microbiota on host health and disease.

TL;DR: The gut metagenomes of Italians with varying dietary habits were dissected, providing evidence of distinct gene repertoires characterizing different P. copri populations, with drug metabolism and complex carbohydrate degradation significantly associated with Western and non-Western individuals, respectively.

TL;DR: RS exerts beneficial effects in lupus-prone hosts through suppressing a pathobiont that promotes interferon pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of human autoimmunity.

TL;DR: A cross-study meta-analysis of metagenomes from two human body niches, the mouth and gut, covering 3,655 samples from 13 studies found staggering genetic heterogeneity in the dataset, providing potential bases for the unexplained heterogeneity observed in microbiome-derived human phenotypes.

TL;DR: This Review highlights recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms of sRNA biogenesis, trafficking, and RNAi machinery that help develop innovative strategies for crop protection.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a high-fat diet (HFD) reproducibly changes gut microbial community structure and the utility of microbiome meta-analyses in identifying robust and reproducible features for mechanistic studies in preclinical models is demonstrated.

TL;DR: This review aims to summarize bacterial anti-phage mechanisms, with an emphasis on the most recent developments in the field.

TL;DR: It is shown that Phytophthora infection of Arabidopsis leads to increased production of a diverse pool of secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which instead of regulating endogenous plant genes are found in extracellular vesicles and likely silence target genes in Phytophile during natural infection.

TL;DR: This study causally linked Mucispirillum schaedleri, currently the sole known representative of Deferribacteres present in the mammalian microbiota, to host protection against S. Tm colitis, and establishes M. schaederi, a core member of the murine gut microbiota, as a key antagonist of S.Tm virulence in the gut.

TL;DR: There is a great need to increase efforts in this important area of research in order to reach a systems-level understanding of plant-microbe interactions that are more reflective of what occurs in nature.

TL;DR: A longitudinal, prospective study of patients with neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers suggests that the DFU microbiota may be a marker for clinical outcomes and response to therapeutic interventions.

TL;DR: An overview of the phytohormones involved in immunity and the ways pathogens manipulate their biosynthesis and signaling pathways is provided.

TL;DR: Observed patterns in the relationship between microbiome and virome diversity in 21 adult monozygotic twin pairs selected for high or low microbiome concordance support a strong role of the microbiome in patterning for the virome.

TL;DR: Systemic Th17 inflammation driven by CD4+ T cells responsive to tonic stimulation by commensal C. albicans improves host defense against extracellular pathogens, but with potentially harmful immunological consequences.

TL;DR: It is suggested that commensal Enterobacteriaceae contribute to colonization resistance by competing with S. Enteritidis for oxygen, a resource critical for pathogen expansion.