Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: an analysis of pooled population-based studies
Andre Pascal Kengne,James Bentham,Bin Zhou,Nasheeta Peer,Tandi E. Matsha,Honor Bixby,M Di Cesare,K Hajitathalian,Yuan Lu,Cristina Taddei,Pascal Bovet,Catherine Kyobutungi,C. Agyemang,Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri,Felix K. Assah,Amina Barkat,H Ben Romdhane,Queenie Chan,N Chaturvcdi,Albertino Damasceno,Helene Delisle,Francis Delpeuch,Kouamelan Doua,Eruke E. Egbagbe,J El Ati,Paul Elliott,Reina Engle-Stone,Rajiv T Erasmus,Heba Fouad,Dickman Gareta,Oye Gureje,Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks,Leila Houti,Mohsen Ibrahim,Hcg Kemper,Japhet Killewo,Sudhirsen Kowlessur,HS Kruger,F Zahra Laamiri,Youcef Laid,Naomi S. Levitt,Nuno Lunet,Dianna J. Magliano,Bernard Maire,Yves Martin-Prével,Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor,Mostafa K. Mohamed,Charles Mondo,Kotsedi D Monyeki,Aya Mostafa,Martin Nankap,Ellis Owusu-Dabo,Tfr de Wit,Olfa Saidi,Constance Schultsz,Aletta E. Schutte,Idowu O Senbanjo,Je Shaw,Liam Smeeth,Eugene Sobngwi,Charles Sossa Jérome,Karien Stronks,Frank Tanser,Félicité Tchibindat,Pierre Traissac,Lechaba Tshepo,Fikru Tullu,Fam Ukoli,Bharathi Viswanathan,Alisha N. Wade,Goodarz Danaei,Gretchen A Stevens,Leanne M. Riley,Majid Ezzati,Jcn Mbanya +74 more
TLDR
The rapidly increasing burden of diabetes in Africa is being driven, at least in part, by increasing adiposity, with regional variations in observed trends, and African countries’ efforts to prevent and control diabetes and obesity should integrate the setting up of reliable monitoring systems.Abstract:
Background: The 2016 Dar Es Salaam Call to Action on Diabetes and Other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) advocates national multi-sectoral NCD strategies and action plans based on available data and information from countries of sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. We estimated trends from 1980 to 2014 in age-standardized mean body mass index (BMI) and diabetes prevalence in these countries, in order to assess the co-progression and assist policy formulation.
Methods: We pooled data from African and worldwide population-based studies which measured height, weight and biomarkers to assess diabetes status in adults aged ≥ 18 years. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to estimate trends by sex for 200 countries and territories including 53 countries across five African regions (central, eastern, northern, southern and western), in mean BMI and diabetes prevalence (defined as either fasting plasma glucose of ≥ 7.0 mmol/l, history of diabetes diagnosis, or use of insulin or oral glucose control agents).
Results: African data came from 245 population-based surveys (1.2 million participants) for BMI and 76 surveys (182 000 participants) for diabetes prevalence estimates. Countries with the highest number of data sources for BMI were South Africa (n = 17), Nigeria (n = 15) and Egypt (n = 13); and for diabetes estimates, Tanzania (n = 8), Tunisia (n = 7), and Cameroon, Egypt and South Africa (all n = 6). The age-standardized mean BMI increased from 21.0 kg/m2 (95% credible interval: 20.3–21.7) to 23.0 kg/m2 (22.7–23.3) in men, and from 21.9 kg/m2 (21.3–22.5) to 24.9 kg/m2 (24.6–25.1) in women. The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes increased from 3.4% (1.5–6.3) to 8.5% (6.5–10.8) in men, and from 4.1% (2.0–7.5) to 8.9% (6.9–11.2) in women. Estimates in northern and southern regions were mostly higher than the global average; those in central, eastern and western regions were lower than global averages. A positive association (correlation coefficient ≃ 0.9) was observed between mean BMI and diabetes prevalence in both sexes in 1980 and 2014.
Conclusions: These estimates, based on limited data sources, confirm the rapidly increasing burden of diabetes in Africa. This rise is being driven, at least in part, by increasing adiposity, with regional variations in observed trends. African countries’ efforts to prevent and control diabetes and obesity should integrate the setting up of reliable monitoring systems, consistent with the World Health Organization’s Global Monitoring System Framework.read more
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Burden of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.
Hebe N. Gouda,Hebe N. Gouda,Fiona J Charlson,Katherine Sorsdahl,Sanam Ahmadzada,Sanam Ahmadzada,Alize J. Ferrari,Alize J. Ferrari,Alize J. Ferrari,Holly E. Erskine,Holly E. Erskine,Holly E. Erskine,Janni Leung,Janni Leung,Janni Leung,Damian Santamauro,Damian Santamauro,Damian Santamauro,Crick Lund,Leopold Ndemnge Aminde,Bongani M. Mayosi,Andre Pascal Kengne,Meredith Harris,Meredith Harris,Tom Achoki,Charles Shey Wiysonge,Dan J. Stein,Harvey Whiteford,Harvey Whiteford,Harvey Whiteford +29 more
TL;DR: The burden of NCDs in sub-Saharan Africa from 1990 to 2017 was assessed in terms of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as well as all-age and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population-with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).
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Ongoing Initiatives to Improve the Quality and Efficiency of Medicine Use within the Public Healthcare System in South Africa; A Preliminary Study.
Johanna C Meyer,Natalie Schellack,Jacobus Stokes,Ruth Lancaster,Helecine Zeeman,Douglas Defty,Brian Godman,Gavin Steel +7 more
TL;DR: Overall, there are an appreciable number of ongoing activities within the public healthcare system in South Africa attempting to ensure and sustain universal healthcare.
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Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, and cascade of care in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional, population-based study in rural and urban Malawi.
Alison J Price,Amelia C. Crampin,Alemayehu Amberbir,Ndoliwe Kayuni-Chihana,Crispin Musicha,Terence Tafatatha,Keith Branson,Debbie A Lawlor,Elenaus Mwaiyeghele,Lawrence Nkhwazi,Liam Smeeth,Neil Pearce,Elizabeth Munthali,Beatrice Mwagomba,Charles Mwansambo,Judith R. Glynn,Shabbar Jaffar,Moffat J. Nyirenda +17 more
TL;DR: Overweight and obesity, hypertension, and diabetes were highly prevalent in urban and rural Malawi, more so in urban residents, the less poor, and better educated than in rural, the poorest, and least educated participants.
A is for Africa
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that Africa is the place where the greatest potential for change is in Africa, and that it is also the place with the most potential to make more people's lives better.
Journal ArticleDOI
Diabetes in developing countries
Anoop Misra,Hema S. Gopalan,Ranil Jayawardena,Andrew P. Hills,Mario J. Soares,Alfredo A. Reza‐Albarrán,Kaushik L. Ramaiya +6 more
TL;DR: A renewed political commitment and mandate for health promotion and disease prevention are urgently needed for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in developing countries.
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TL;DR: The posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue, is calculated.
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National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2·7 million participants
Goodarz Danaei,Mariel M. Finucane,Yuan Lu,Gitanjali M Singh,Melanie J. Cowan,Christopher J. Paciorek,Christopher J. Paciorek,John K Lin,Farshad Farzadfar,Young-Ho Khang,Gretchen A Stevens,Mayuree Rao,Mohammed K. Ali,Leanne M Riley,Carolyn Robinson,Majid Ezzati +15 more
TL;DR: Glycaemia and diabetes are rising globally, driven both by population growth and ageing and by increasing age-specific prevalences, and effective preventive interventions are needed, and health systems should prepare to detect and manage diabetes and its sequelae.
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
Bin Zhou,Yuan Lu,Kaveh Hajifathalian,James Bentham,Mariachiara Di Cesare,Mariachiara Di Cesare,Goodarz Danaei,Honor Bixby,Melanie J. Cowan,Mohammed K. Ali,Cristina Taddei,Wei Cheng Lo,Barbara Reis-Santos,Gretchen A Stevens,Leanne M. Riley,J. Jaime Miranda,Peter Bjerregaard,Juan A Rivera,Heba Fouad,Guansheng Ma,Jean Claude Mbanya,Stephen T. McGarvey,Viswanathan Mohan,Altan Onat,Ambady Ramachandran,Habiba Ben Romdhane,Christopher J. Paciorek,James E. Bennett,Majid Ezzati,Ziad Abdeen,Khalid Abdul Kadir,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Benjamin Acosta-Cazares,Robert J. Adams,Wichai Aekplakorn,Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas,Charles Agyemang,Alireza Ahmadvand,Amani Al-Othman,Ala'a Alkerwi,Philippe Amouyel,Antoinette Amuzu,Lars Bo Andersen,Sigmund A. Anderssen,Ranjit Mohan Anjana,Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri,Tahir Aris,Nimmathota Arlappa,Dominique Arveiler,Felix K. Assah,Maria Avdicova,Fereidoun Azizi,Nagalla Balakrishna,Piotr Bandosz,Carlo M. Barbagallo,Alberto Barceló,Anwar Batieha,Louise A. Baur,Mikhail Benet,Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz,Sumit Bharadwaj,Santosh K. Bhargava,Yufang Bi,Espen Bjertness,Marius B. Bjertness,Cecilia Björkelund,Anneke Blokstra,Simona Bo,Bernhard O. Boehm,Carlos P. Boissonnet,Pascal Bovet,Imperia Brajkovich,Juergen Breckenkamp,Hermann Brenner,Lizzy M. Brewster,Garry Brian,Graziella Bruno,Anna Bugge,Antonio Cabrera de León,Günay Can,Ana Paula C. Candido,Vincenzo Capuano,Axel C. Carlsson,Maria J. Carvalho,Felipe F. Casanueva,Juan-Pablo Casas,Carmelo A. Caserta,Katia Castetbon,Snehalatha Chamukuttan,Nishi Chaturvedi,Chien-Jen Chen,Fangfang Chen,Shuohua Chen,Ching-Yu Cheng,Angela Chetrit,Shu Ti Chiou,Yumi Cho,Jerzy Chudek,Renata Cifkova,Frank Claessens,Hans Concin,Cyrus Cooper,Rachel Cooper,Simona Costanzo,Dominique Cottel,Christopher T. Cowell,Ana B. Crujeiras,Graziella D'Arrigo,Jean Dallongeville,Rachel Dankner,Luc Dauchet,Giovanni de Gaetano,Stefaan De Henauw,Mohan Deepa,Abbas Dehghan,Valérie Deschamps,Klodian Dhana,Augusto Di Castelnuovo,Shirin Djalalinia,Kouamelan Doua,Wojciech Drygas,Yong Du,Vilnis Dzerve,Eruke E. Egbagbe,Robert Eggertsen,Jalila El Ati,Roberto Elosua,Rajiv T Erasmus,Cihangir Erem,Gül Ergör,Louise Eriksen,Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña,Caroline H.D. Fall,Farshad Farzadfar,Francisco J. Félix-Redondo,Trevor S. Ferguson,Daniel Fernández-Bergés,Marika Ferrari,Catterina Ferreccio,Edith J. M. Feskens,Joseph D. Finn,Bernhard Foeger,Leng Huat Foo,Ann-Sofie Forslund,Damian K Francis,Maria do Carmo Franco,Oscar H. Franco,Guillermo Frontera,Takuro Furusawa,Zbigniew Gaciong,Sarah P. Garnett,Jean-Michel Gaspoz,Magda Gasull,Louise Gates,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Anoosheh Ghasemian,Anup Ghimire,Simona Giampaoli,Francesco Gianfagna,Jonathan Giovannelli,Aleksander Giwercman,Marcela González Gross,Juan P. Gonzalez Rivas,Mariano Bonet Gorbea,Frederic Gottrand,Dusan Grafnetter,Tomasz Grodzicki,Anders Grøntved,Grabriella Gruden,Dongfeng Gu,Ong Peng Guan,Ramiro Guerrero,Idris Guessous,André Luiz Sena Guimarães,Laura Gutierrez,Ian Hambleton,Rebecca Hardy,Rachakulla Hari Kumar,Jun Hata,Christin Heidemann,Sauli Herrala,Ilpo Tapani Hihtaniemi,Sai Yin Ho,Suzanne C. Ho,Albert Hofman,Claudia M. Hormiga,Bernardo L. Horta,Leila Houti,Christina Howitt,Thein Thein Htay,Aung Soe Htet,Maung Maung Than Htike,Yang Hu,Abdullatif S. Hussieni,Inge Huybrechts,Nahla Hwalla,Licia Iacoviello,Anna G. Iannone,Mohsen Ibrahim,Nayu Ikeda,M. Arfan Ikram,Vilma E. Irazola,Muhammad Islam,Masanori Iwasaki,Jeremy M. Jacobs,Tazeen H. Jafar,Kazi M. Jamil,Grazyna Jasienska,Chaoqiang Jiang,Jost B. Jonas,Pradeep Joshi,Anthony Kafatos,Ofra Kalter-Leibovici,Amir Kasaeian,Joanne Katz,Prabhdeep Kaur,Maryam Kavousi,Roya Kelishadi,Andre Pascal Kengne,Mathilde Kersting,Yousef Khader,Davood Khalili,Young-Ho Khang,Stefan Kiechl,Jeongseon Kim,Patrick Kolsteren,Wolfgang Kratzer,Daan Kromhout,Urho M. Kujala,Krzysztof Kula,Catherine Kyobutungi,Tiina Laatikainen,Carl Lachat,Youcef Laid,Tai Hing Lam,Orlando Landrove,Vera Lanska,Georg Lappas,Avula Laxmaiah,Catherine Leclercq,Jeannette Lee,Jeonghee Lee,Terho Lehtimäki,Rampal Lekhraj,Luz M. León-Muñoz,Yanping Li,Wei-Yen Lim,M. Fernanda Lima-Costa,Hsien-Ho Lin,Xu Lin,Lauren Lissner,Roberto Lorbeer,Jose Eugenio Lozano,Dalia Luksiene,Annamari Lundqvist,Per Lytsy,George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho,Suka Machi,Stefania Maggi,Dianna J. Magliano,Marcia Makdisse,Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao,Yannis Manios,Enzo Manzato,Paula Margozzini,Pedro Marques-Vidal,Reynaldo Martorell,Shariq Rashid Masoodi,Ellisiv B. Mathiesen,Tandi E. Matsha,Shelly R. McFarlane,Stela McLachlan,Breige A. McNulty,Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor,Aline Meirhaeghe,Ana Maria Menezes,Shahin Merat,Indrapal I. Meshram,Jie Mi,Juan Francisco Miquel,Mostafa K. Mohamed,Kazem Mohammad,Noushin Mohammadifard,Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff,Niels Møller,Dénes Molnár,Charles Mondo,Alain Morejon,Luis A. Moreno,Karen Morgan,George Moschonis,Małgorzata Mossakowska,Aya Mostafa,Jorge Mota,Jorge Motta,Thet Thet Mu,Maria Lorenza Muiesan,Martina Mueller-Nurasyid,Jaakko Mursu,Gabriele Nagel,Jana Námešná,Ei Ei K. Nang,Vinay Nangia,Eva María Navarrete-Muñoz,Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye,Ilona Nenko,Flavio Nervi,Nguyen D Nguyen,Quang Ngoc Nguyen,Ramfis Nieto-Martínez,Guang Ning,Toshiharu Ninomiya,Marianna Noale,Davide Noto,Mohannad Al Nsour,Angélica Ochoa-Avilés,Kyungwon Oh,Pedro Ordunez,Clive Osmond,Johanna A. Otero,Ellis Owusu-Dabo,Elena Pahomova,Luigi Palmieri,Songhomitra Panda-Jonas,Francesco Panza,Mahboubeh Parsaeian,Sérgio Viana Peixoto,Markku Peltonen,Annette Peters,Niloofar Peykari,Son Thai Pham,Aida Pilav,Freda Pitakaka,Aleksandra Piwońska,Jerzy Piwoński,Pedro Plans-Rubio,Miquel Porta,Marileen L.P. Portegies,Hossein Poustchi,Rajendra Pradeepa,Jacqueline F. Price,Margus Punab,Radwan Qasrawi,Mostafa Qorbani,Ričardas Radišauskas,Mahmudur Rahman,Olli T. Raitakari,Sudha Ramachandra Rao,Jacqueline Ramke,Rafel Ramos,Sanjay Rampal,Wolfgang Rathmann,Josep Redon,Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit,Fernando Rigo,Sian M. Robinson,Cynthia Robitaille,Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo,Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez,Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar,Rosalba Rojas-Martínez,Kimmo Ronkainen,Annika Rosengren,Adolfo Rubinstein,Ornelas Rui,Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt,Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto,Marcin Rutkowski,Charumathi Sabanayagam,Harshpal Singh Sachdev,Olfa Saidi,Sibel Sakarya,Benoit Salanave,Jukka T. Salonen,Massimo Salvetti,Jose Sanchez-Abanto,Diana A. Santos,Renata Nunes dos Santos,Rute Santos,Jouko Saramies,Luís B. Sardinha,Nizal Sarrafzadegan,Kai-Uwe Saum,Marcia Scazufca,Herman Schargrodsky,Christa Scheidt-Nave,Aye Aye Sein,Sanjb K. Sharma,Jonathan E. Shaw,Kenji Shibuya,Youchan Shin,Rahman Shiri,Rosalynn Siantar,Abla M. Sibai,Mary Simon,Judith Simons,Leon A. Simons,Michael Sjöström,Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer,Przemyslaw Slusarczyk,Liam Smeeth,Marieke B. Snijder,Hung-Kwan So,Eugene Sobngwi,Stefan Söderberg,Vincenzo Solfrizzi,Emily Sonestedt,Aicha Soumare,Jan A. Staessen,Maria G. Stathopoulou,Jostein Steene-Johannessen,Peter Stehle,Aryeh D. Stein,Jochanan Stessman,Doris Stoeckl,Jakub Stokwiszewski,Karien Stronks,Maria Wany Louzada Strufaldi,Chien-An Sun,Johan Sundström,Yn-Tz Sung,Paibul Suriyawongpaisal,Rody G. Sy,E. Shyong Tai,Abdonas Tamosiunas,Line Tang,Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh,Carolina Tarqui-Mamani,Anne W. Taylor,Holger Theobald,Lutgarde Thijs,Betina H. Thuesen,Hanna Tolonen,Janne Schurmann Tolstrup,Murat Topbaş,Maties Torrent,Pierre Traissac,Oanh T. H. Trinh,Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid,Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen,Maria L. Turley,Christophe Tzourio,Peter Ueda,Flora Ukoli,Hanno Ulmer,Hannu Uusitalo,Gonzalo Valdivia,Damaskini Valvi,Lenie van Rossem,Irene G. M. van Valkengoed,Dirk Vanderschueren,Diego Vanuzzo,Tomas Vega,Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez,Giovanni Veronesi,W. M. Monique Verschuren,Roosmarijn Verstraeten,Lucie Viet,Jesús Vioque,Jyrki K. Virtanen,Bharathi Viswanathan,Peter Vollenweider,Sari Voutilainen,Martine Vrijheid,Alisha N. Wade,Aline Wagner,Janette Walton,Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud,Feng Wang,Ming-Dong Wang,Qian Wang,Ya Xing Wang,S. Goya Wannamethee,Deepa Weerasekera,Peter H. Whincup,Kurt Widhalm,Alet H. Wijga,Rainford J. Wilks,Johann Willeit,Tom Wilsgaard,Bogdan Wojtyniak,Tien Yin Wong,Jean Woo,Mark Woodward,Frederick C. W. Wu,Shou Ling Wu,Haiquan Xu,Weili Yan,Xiaoguang Yang,Xingwang Ye,Akihiro Yoshihara,Novie O. Younger-Coleman,Sabina Zambon,Abdul Hamid Zargar,Tomasz Zdrojewski,Wenhua Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,Julio Zuñiga Cisneros +497 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence, defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014.
Journal ArticleDOI
Diabetes and gender
TL;DR: Evidence that sex effects of interest and importance are present in both Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus is considered, with men seem more susceptible than women to the consequences of indolence and obesity, possibly due to differences in insulin sensitivity and regional fat deposition.
Book
Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health
Valentin Fuster,Bridget B. Kelly +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the IOM recommends that the NHLBI, development agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and governments work toward two essential goals: * creating environments that promote heart healthy lifestyle choices and help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and * building public health infrastructure and health systems with the capacity to implement programs that will effectively detect and reduce risk and manage CVD.
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Thuesen,Hanna Tolonen,Janne Schurmann Tolstrup,Murat Topbaş,Maties Torrent,Pierre Traissac,Oanh T. H. Trinh,Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid,Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen,Maria L. Turley,Christophe Tzourio,Peter Ueda,Flora Ukoli,Hanno Ulmer,Hannu Uusitalo,Gonzalo Valdivia,Damaskini Valvi,Lenie van Rossem,Irene G. M. van Valkengoed,Dirk Vanderschueren,Diego Vanuzzo,Tomas Vega,Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez,Giovanni Veronesi,W. M. Monique Verschuren,Roosmarijn Verstraeten,Lucie Viet,Jesús Vioque,Jyrki K. Virtanen,Bharathi Viswanathan,Peter Vollenweider,Sari Voutilainen,Martine Vrijheid,Alisha N. Wade,Aline Wagner,Janette Walton,Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud,Feng Wang,Ming-Dong Wang,Qian Wang,Ya Xing Wang,S. Goya Wannamethee,Deepa Weerasekera,Peter H. Whincup,Kurt Widhalm,Alet H. Wijga,Rainford J. Wilks,Johann Willeit,Tom Wilsgaard,Bogdan Wojtyniak,Tien Yin Wong,Jean Woo,Mark Woodward,Frederick C. W. Wu,Shou Ling Wu,Haiquan Xu,Weili Yan,Xiaoguang Yang,Xingwang Ye,Akihiro Yoshihara,Novie O. Younger-Coleman,Sabina Zambon,Abdul Hamid Zargar,Tomasz Zdrojewski,Wenhua Zhao,Yingfeng Zheng,Julio Zuñiga Cisneros +497 more
Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults
Leandra Abarca-Gómez,Ziad Abdeen,Zargar Abdul Hamid,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Benjamin Acosta-Cazares,Cecilia Acuin,Robert J. Adams,Wichai Aekplakorn,Kaosar Afsana,Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas,Charles Agyemang,Alireza Ahmadvand,Wolfgang Ahrens,Kamel Ajlouni,Nazgul Akhtaeva,Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa,Amani Al-Othman,Rajaa Al-Raddadi,Fadia Al Buhairan,Shahla Al Dhukair,Mohamed M. Ali,Osman Ali,Ala'a Alkerwi,Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol,Eman Aly,Deepak Amarapurkar,Philippe Amouyel,Antoinette Amuzu,Lars Bo Andersen,Sigmund A. Anderssen,Dolores S Andrade,Lars Ängquist,Ranjit Mohan Anjana,Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri,Joana Araújo,Inger Ariansen,Tahir Aris,Nimmathota Arlappa,Dominique Arveiler,Krishna K. Aryal,Thor Aspelund,Felix K. Assah,Maria Cecília Formoso Assunção,May Soe Aung,Maria Avdicova,Ana Azevedo,Fereidoun Azizi,Bontha V. Babu,Suhad Bahijri,Jennifer L. Baker,Nagalla Balakrishna,Mohamed Bamoshmoosh,Maciej Banach,Piotr Bandosz,José R. Banegas,Carlo M. Barbagallo,Alberto Barceló,Amina Barkat,Aluísio J D Barros,Mauro Vg Barros,Iqbal Bata,Anwar Batieha,Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista,Assembekov Batyrbek,Louise A. Baur,Robert Beaglehole,Habiba Ben Romdhane,Judith Benedics,Mikhail Benet,James E. Bennett,Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz,Gailute Bernotiene,Heloisa Bettiol,Aroor Bhagyalaxmi,Sumit Bharadwaj,Santosh K. Bhargava,Zaid Bhatti,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Hongsheng Bi,Yufang Bi,Anna Karin Cecilia Månsson Biehl,Mukharram M. Bikbov,Bihungum Bista,Dusko Bjelica,Peter Bjerregaard,Espen Bjertness,Marius B. Bjertness,Cecilia Björkelund,Anneke Blokstra,Simona Bo,Martin Bobak,Lynne M. Boddy,Bernhard O. Boehm,Heiner Boeing,José Boggia,Carlos P. Boissonnet,Marialaura Bonaccio,Vanina Bongard,Pascal Bovet,Lien Braeckevelt,Lutgart Braeckman,Marjolijn C. E. Bragt,Imperia Brajkovich,Francesco Branca,Juergen Breckenkamp,João Breda,Hermann Brenner,Lizzy M. Brewster,Garry Brian,Lacramioara Brinduse,Graziella Bruno,H. B. 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Crujeiras,Alexandra Cucu,Graziella D'Arrigo,Eleonora d'Orsi,Jean Dallongeville,Albertino Damasceno,Camilla T. Damsgaard,Goodarz Danaei,Rachel Dankner,Thomas Meinertz Dantoft,Saeed Dastgiri,Luc Dauchet,Kairat Davletov,Guy De Backer,Dirk De Bacquer,Amalia De Curtis,Giovanni de Gaetano,Stefaan De Henauw,Paula Duarte de Oliveira,Karin De Ridder,Delphine De Smedt,Mohan Deepa,Alexander D. Deev,Abbas Dehghan,Hélène Delisle,Francis Delpeuch,Valérie Deschamps,Klodian Dhana,Augusto Di Castelnuovo,Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa,Alejandro A. Diaz,Zivka Dika,Shirin Djalalinia,Ha Tp Do,Annette J. Dobson,Maria Benedetta Donati,Chiara Donfrancesco,Silvana Donoso,Angela Döring,Maria Dorobantu,Ahmad Reza Dorosty,Kouamelan Doua,Wojciech Drygas,Jia Li Duan,Charmaine A. Duante,Vesselka Duleva,Virginija Dulskiene,Vilnis Dzerve,Elżbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk,Eruke E. Egbagbe,Robert Eggertsen,Gabriele Eiben,Ulf Ekelund,Jalila El Ati,Paul Elliott,Reina Engle-Stone,Rajiv T Erasmus,Cihangir Erem,Louise Eriksen,Johan G. Eriksson,Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña,Alun Evans,David Faeh,Caroline H.D. Fall,Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo,Farshad Farzadfar,Francisco J. Félix-Redondo,Trevor S. Ferguson,Rômulo Araújo Fernandes,Daniel Fernández-Bergés,Daniel Ferrante,Marika Ferrari,Catterina Ferreccio,Jean Ferrières,Joseph D. Finn,Krista Fischer,Eric Monterubio Flores,Bernhard Föger,Leng Huat Foo,Ann-Sofie Forslund,Maria Forsner,Heba Fouad,Damian K Francis,Maria do Carmo Franco,Oscar H. Franco,Guillermo Frontera,Flávio Danni Fuchs,Sandra C. Fuchs,Yuki Fujita,Takuro Furusawa,Zbigniew Gaciong,Mihai Gafencu,Daniela Galeone,Fabio Galvano,Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera,Dickman Gareta,Sarah P. Garnett,Jean-Michel Gaspoz,Magda Gasull,Louise Gates,Harald Geiger,Johanna M. Geleijnse,Anoosheh Ghasemian,Simona Giampaoli,Francesco Gianfagna,Tiffany K. Gill,Jonathan Giovannelli,Aleksander Giwercman,Justyna Godos,Sibel Gogen,Rebecca Goldsmith,David Goltzman,Helen Gonçalves,Margot González-León,Juan P. González-Rivas,Marcela González-Gross,Frederic Gottrand,Antonio Pedro Graça,Sidsel Graff-Iversen,Dusan Grafnetter,Aneta Grajda,Maria G. Grammatikopoulou,Ronald D. Gregor,Tomasz Grodzicki,Anders Grøntved,Giuseppe Grosso,Gabriella Gruden,Vera Grujic,Dongfeng Gu,Emanuela Gualdi-Russo,Pilar Guallar-Castillón,Ong Peng Guan,Elias F. Gudmundsson,Vilmundur Gudnason,Ramiro Guerrero,Idris Guessous,André Luiz Sena Guimarães,Martin Gulliford,Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir,Marc J. Gunter,Xiu-Hua Guo,Yin Guo,Prakash C. Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Oye Gureje,Beata Gurzkowska,Laura Gutierrez,Felix Gutzwiller,Farzad Hadaegh,Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou,Khairil Si-Ramlee,Jytte Halkjær,Ian Hambleton,Rebecca Hardy,Rachakulla Hari Kumar,Maria Hassapidou,Jun Hata,Alison J. Hayes,Jiang He,Regina Heidinger-Felso,Mirjam M. Heinen,Marleen E. Hendriks,Ana Henriques,Leticia Hernandez Cadena,Sauli Herrala,Victor M. Herrera,Isabelle Herter-Aeberli,Ramin Heshmat,Ilpo Tapani Hihtaniemi,Sai Yin Ho,Suzanne C. Ho,Michael Hobbs,Albert Hofman,Wilma M. Hopman,Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto,Claudia M. Hormiga,Bernardo L. Horta,Leila Houti,Christina Howitt,Thein Thein Htay,Aung Soe Htet,Maung Maung Than Htike,Yonghua Hu,José María Huerta,Constanta Huidumac Petrescu,Martijn Huisman,Abdullatif Husseini,Chinh Nguyen Huu,Inge Huybrechts,Nahla Hwalla,Jolanda Hyska,Licia Iacoviello,Anna G. Iannone,Jesús Ibarluzea,Mohsen Ibrahim,Nayu Ikeda,M. Arfan Ikram,Vilma E. Irazola,Muhammad Islam,Aziz Al-Safi Ismail,Vanja Ivković,Masanori Iwasaki,Rod Jackson,Jeremy M. Jacobs,Hashem Jaddou,Tazeen H. Jafar,Kazi M. Jamil,Konrad Jamrozik,Imre Janszky,Juel Jarani,Grazyna Jasienska,Ana Jelakovic,Bojan Jelaković,Garry L. Jennings,Seung-Lyeal Jeong,Chaoqiang Jiang,Santa Magaly Jiménez-Acosta,Michel Joffres,Mattias Johansson,Jost B. Jonas,Torben Jørgensen,Pradeep Joshi,Dragana P Jovic,Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak,Anne Juolevi,Gregor Jurak,Vesna Jureša,Rudolf Kaaks,Anthony Kafatos,Eero Kajantie,Ofra Kalter-Leibovici,Nor Azmi Kamaruddin,Efthymios Kapantais,Khem Bahadur Karki,Amir Kasaeian,Joanne Katz,Jussi Kauhanen,Prabhdeep Kaur,Maryam Kavousi,Gyulli M. Kazakbaeva,Ulrich Keil,Lital Keinan Boker,Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi,Roya Kelishadi,Cecily Kelleher,Han Cg Kemper,Andre Pascal Kengne,Alina Kerimkulova,Mathilde Kersting,Timothy J. Key,Yousef Khader,Davood Khalili,Young-Ho Khang,Mohammad Khateeb,Kay-Tee Khaw,Ilse Khouw,Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer,Stefan Kiechl,Japhet Killewo,Jeongseon Kim,Yeon-Yong Kim,Jeannette Klimont,Jurate Klumbiene,Michael Knoflach,Bhawesh Koirala,Elin Kolle,Patrick Kolsteren,Paul Korrovits,Jelena Kos,Seppo Koskinen,Katsuyasu Kouda,Viktoria Anna Kovacs,Sudhir Kowlessur,Slawomir Koziel,Wolfgang Kratzer,Susi Kriemler,Peter Kristensen,Steinar Krokstad,Daan Kromhout,Herculina S. Kruger,Ruzena Kubinova,Renata Kuciene,Diana Kuh,Urho M. Kujala,Zbigniew Kułaga,R. Krishna Kumar,Marie Kunešová,Pawel Kurjata,Yadlapalli S. Kusuma,Kari Kuulasmaa,Catherine Kyobutungi,Quang Ngoc La,Fatima Zahra Laamiri,Tiina Laatikainen,Carl Lachat,Youcef Laid,Tai Hing Lam,Orlando Landrove,Vera Lanska,Georg Lappas,Bagher Larijani,Lars E. Laugsand,Laura Lauria,Avula Laxmaiah,Khanh Le Nguyen Bao,Tuyen D Le,May Antonnette O Lebanan,Catherine Leclercq,Jeannette Lee,Jeonghee Lee,Terho Lehtimäki,Luz M. León-Muñoz,Naomi S. Levitt,Yanping Li,Christa L. Lilly,Wei-Yen Lim,M. Fernanda Lima-Costa,Hsien-Ho Lin,Xu Lin,Lars Lind,Allan Linneberg,Lauren Lissner,Mieczysław Litwin,Jing Liu,Helle-Mai Loit,Luís Lopes,Roberto Lorbeer,Paulo A. Lotufo,Jose Eugenio Lozano,Dalia Luksiene,Annamari Lundqvist,Nuno Lunet,Per Lytsy,Guansheng Ma,Jun Ma,George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho,Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues,Suka Machi,Stefania Maggi,Dianna J. Magliano,Emmanuella Magriplis,Alagappan Mahaletchumy,Bernard Maire,Marjeta Majer,Marcia Makdisse,Reza Malekzadeh,Rahul Malhotra,Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao,Sofia Malyutina,Yannis Manios,Jim Mann,Enzo Manzato,Paula Margozzini,Anastasia Markaki,Oonagh Markey,Larissa Pruner Marques,Pedro Marques-Vidal,Jaume Marrugat,Yves Martin-Prével,Rosemarie Martin,Reynaldo Martorell,Eva Martos,Stefano Marventano,Shariq Rashid Masoodi,Ellisiv B. Mathiesen,Alicia Matijasevich,Tandi E. Matsha,Artur Mazur,Jean Claude Mbanya,Shelly R. McFarlane,Stephen T. McGarvey,Martin McKee,Stela McLachlan,Rachael McLean,Scott B. McLean,Breige A. McNulty,Safiah Md Yusof,Sounnia Mediene-Benchekor,Jurate Medzioniene,Aline Meirhaeghe,Jørgen Meisfjord,Christa Meisinger,Ana Maria Menezes,Geetha R Menon,Gert B. M. Mensink,Indrapal I. Meshram,Andres Metspalu,Haakon E. Meyer,Jie Mi,Kim F. Michaelsen,Nathalie Michels,Kairit Mikkel,Jody C Miller,Cláudia S. Minderico,Juan Francisco Miquel,J. Jaime Miranda,Daphne Mirkopoulou,Erkin M. Mirrakhimov,Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković,Antonio Mistretta,Veronica Mocanu,Pietro Amedeo Modesti,Mostafa K. Mohamed,Kazem Mohammad,Noushin Mohammadifard,Viswanathan Mohan,Salim Mohanna,Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff,Drude Molbo,Line Tang Møllehave,Niels Møller,Dénes Molnár,Amirabbas Momenan,Charles Mondo,Eric A Monterrubio,Kotsedi D Monyeki,Jin Soo Moon,Leila Beltrami Moreira,Alain Morejon,Luis A. Moreno,Karen Morgan,Erik Lykke Mortensen,George Moschonis,Małgorzata Mossakowska,Aya Mostafa,Jorge Mota,Anabela Mota-Pinto,Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh,Jorge Motta,Thet Thet Mu,Magdalena Muc,Maria Lorenza Muiesan,Martina Müller-Nurasyid,Neil Murphy,Jaakko Mursu,Elaine M. Murtagh,Vera Musil,Iraj Nabipour,Gabriele Nagel,Balkish M. Naidu,Harunobu Nakamura,Jana Námešná,Ei Ei K. Nang,Vinay Nangia,Martin Nankap,Sameer Narake,Paola Nardone,Eva María Navarrete-Muñoz,William A. Neal,Ilona Nenko,Martin Neovius,Flavio Nervi,Chung T Nguyen,Nguyen D Nguyen,Quang Ngoc Nguyen,Ramfis Nieto-Martínez,Guang Ning,Toshiharu Ninomiya,Sania Nishtar,Marianna Noale,Oscar Noboa,Teresa Norat,Sawada Norie,Davide Noto,Mohannad Al Nsour,Dermot O'Reilly,Galina Obreja,Eiji Oda,Glenn P. Oehlers,Kyungwon Oh,Kumiko Ohara,Orn Olafsson,Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto,Isabel O. Oliveira,Maciej Oltarzewski,Mohd Azahadi Omar,Altan Onat,Sok King Ong,Lariane M Ono,Pedro Ordunez,Rui Ornelas,Ana P. Ortiz,Merete Osler,Clive Osmond,Sergej M. Ostojic,Afshin Ostovar,Johanna A. Otero,Kim Overvad,Ellis Owusu-Dabo,Fred Paccaud,Cristina Padez,Elena Pahomova,Andrzej Pajak,Domenico Palli,Alberto Palloni,Luigi Palmieri,Wen-Harn Pan,Songhomitra Panda-Jonas,Arvind Pandey,Francesco Panza,Dimitrios Papandreou,Soon-Woo Park,Winsome R. Parnell,Mahboubeh Parsaeian,Ionela Pascanu,Nikhil D. Patel,Ivan Pećin,Mangesh S. Pednekar,Nasheeta Peer,Petra H.M. Peeters,Sérgio Viana Peixoto,Markku Peltonen,Alexandre C. 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Rinke de Wit,Ana Isabel Rito,Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias,Juan A Rivera,Sian M. Robinson,Cynthia Robitaille,Daniela Rodrigues,Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo,Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez,Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar,Rosalba Rojas-Martínez,Nipa Rojroongwasinkul,Dora Romaguera,Kimmo Ronkainen,Annika Rosengren,Ian Rouse,Joel G. R. Roy,Adolfo Rubinstein,Frank J Rühli,Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt,Paola Russo,Marcin Rutkowski,Charumathi Sabanayagam,Harshpal Singh Sachdev,Olfa Saidi,Benoit Salanave,Eduardo Salazar Martinez,Diego Salmerón,Veikko Salomaa,Jukka T. Salonen,Massimo Salvetti,Jose Sanchez-Abanto,Sandjaja,Susana Sans,Loreto Santa Marina,Diana A. Santos,Iná S. Santos,Osvaldo Santos,Renata Nunes dos Santos,Rute Santos,Jouko Saramies,Luís B. Sardinha,Nizal Sarrafzadegan,Kai-Uwe Saum,Savvas C. Savva,Mathilde Savy,Marcia Scazufca,Angelika Schaffrath Rosario,Herman Schargrodsky,Anja Schienkiewitz,Sabine Schipf,Carsten Oliver Schmidt,Ida Maria Schmidt,Constance Schultsz,Aletta E. Schutte,Aye Aye Sein,Abhijit Sen,Idowu O Senbanjo,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Luis Serra-Majem,Svetlana A. Shalnova,Sanjib Kumar Sharma,Jonathan E. Shaw,Kenji Shibuya,Dong Wook Shin,Youchan Shin,Rahman Shiri,Alfonso Siani,Rosalynn Siantar,Abla M. Sibai,Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva,Diego Augusto Santos Silva,Mary Simon,Judith Simons,Leon A. Simons,Agneta Sjöberg,Michael Sjöström,Sine Skovbjerg,Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer,Przemyslaw Slusarczyk,Liam Smeeth,Margaret Smith,Marieke B. Snijder,Hung-Kwan So,Eugene Sobngwi,Stefan Söderberg,Moesijanti Soekatri,Vincenzo Solfrizzi,Emily Sonestedt,Yi Song,Thorkild I. A. Sørensen,Maroje Sorić,Charles Sossa Jérome,Aicha Soumare,Angela Spinelli,Igor Spiroski,Jan A. Staessen,Hanspeter Stamm,Gregor Starc,Maria G. Stathopoulou,Kaspar Staub,Bill Stavreski,Jostein Steene-Johannessen,Peter Stehle,Aryeh D. Stein,George S. Stergiou,Jochanan Stessman,Jutta Stieber,Doris Stöckl,Tanja Stocks,Jakub Stokwiszewski,Gareth Stratton,Karien Stronks,Maria Wany Louzada Strufaldi,Ramón Suárez-Medina,Chien-An Sun,Johan Sundström,Yn-Tz Sung,Jordi Sunyer,Paibul Suriyawongpaisal,Boyd Swinburn,Rody G. Sy,Lucjan Szponar,E. Shyong Tai,Mari-Liis Tammesoo,Abdonas Tamosiunas,Eng Joo Tan,Xun Tang,Frank Tanser,Yong Tao,Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh,Jakob Tarp,Carolina Tarqui-Mamani,O. Tautu,Radka Taxová Braunerová,Anne W. Taylor,Félicité Tchibindat,Holger Theobald,Xenophon Theodoridis,Lutgarde Thijs,Betina H. Thuesen,Anne Tjønneland,Hanna Tolonen,Janne Schurmann Tolstrup,Murat Topbaş,Roman Topor-Madry,María José Tormo,Michael Tornaritis,Maties Torrent,Stefania Toselli,Pierre Traissac,Dimitrios Trichopoulos,Antonia Trichopoulou,Oanh T. H. Trinh,Atul Trivedi,Lechaba Tshepo,Maria Tsigga,Shoichiro Tsugane,Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid,Fikru Tullu,Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen,Jaakko Tuomilehto,Maria L. 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Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants
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Michaelsen,Kairit Mikkel,Jody C Miller,Juan Francisco Miquel,Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković,Mostafa K. Mohamed,Kazem Mohammad,Noushin Mohammadifard,Viswanathan Mohan,Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff,Drude Molbo,Niels Møller,Dénes Molnár,Charles Mondo,Eric A Monterrubio,Kotsedi D Monyeki,Leila Beltrami Moreira,Alain Morejon,Luis A. Moreno,Karen Morgan,Erik Lykke Mortensen,George Moschonis,Małgorzata Mossakowska,Jorge Mota,Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh,Jorge Motta,Thet Thet Mu,Maria Lorenza Muiesan,Martina Mueller-Nurasyid,Neil Murphy,Jaakko Mursu,Elaine M. Murtagh,Kamarul Imran Musa,Vera Musil,Gabriele Nagel,Harunobu Nakamura,Jana Námešná,Ei Ei K. Nang,Vinay Nangia,Martin Nankap,Sameer Narake,Eva María Navarrete-Muñoz,Ilona Nenko,Martin Neovius,Flavio Nervi,Hannelore Neuhauser,Nguyen D Nguyen,Quang Ngoc Nguyen,Ramfis Nieto-Martínez,Guang Ning,Toshiharu Ninomiya,Sania Nishtar,Marianna Noale,Teresa Norat,Davide Noto,Mohannad Al Nsour,Dermot O'Reilly,Angélica Ochoa-Avilés,Kyungwon Oh,Iman H. 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