Showing papers on "Vortex published in 2017"
TL;DR: In this paper, the main properties of electron vortex states, experimental achievements and possible applications within transmission electron microscopy, as well as the possible role of vortex electrons in relativistic and high-energy processes are described.
243 citations
TL;DR: The detailed spatiotemporal evolution of nanovortices is shown using time-resolved two-photon photoemission electron microscopy and the angular velocity of the vortex is measured to directly extract the OAM magnitude of light.
Abstract: The ability of light to carry and deliver orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the form of optical vortices has attracted much interest. The physical properties of light with a helical wavefront can be confined onto two-dimensional surfaces with subwavelength dimensions in the form of plasmonic vortices, opening avenues for thus far unknown light-matter interactions. Because of their extreme rotational velocity, the ultrafast dynamics of such vortices remained unexplored. Here we show the detailed spatiotemporal evolution of nanovortices using time-resolved two-photon photoemission electron microscopy. We observe both long- and short-range plasmonic vortices confined to deep subwavelength dimensions on the scale of 100 nanometers with nanometer spatial resolution and subfemtosecond time-step resolution. Finally, by measuring the angular velocity of the vortex, we directly extract the OAM magnitude of light.
224 citations
TL;DR: A hydrodynamic theory of chiral active fluids is developed and odd viscosity is connected, which was previously considered an abstract concept.
Abstract: We study the hydrodynamics of fluids composed of self-spinning objects such as chiral grains or colloidal particles subject to torques. These chiral active fluids break both parity and time-reversal symmetries in their non-equilibrium steady states. As a result, the constitutive relations of chiral active media display a dissipationless linear-response coefficient called odd (or equivalently, Hall) viscosity. This odd viscosity does not lead to energy dissipation, but gives rise to a flow perpendicular to applied pressure. We show how odd viscosity arises from non-linear equations of hydrodynamics with rotational degrees of freedom, once linearized around a non-equilibrium steady state characterized by large spinning speeds. Next, we explore odd viscosity in compressible fluids and suggest how our findings can be tested in the context of shock propagation experiments. Finally, we show how odd viscosity in weakly compressible chiral active fluids can lead to density and pressure excess within vortex cores.
224 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors observed that waves propagating on the surface of water can be amplified after being scattered by a draining vortex, and the maximum amplification was 14% ± 8, obtained for 3.70 Hz waves, in a 6.25 cm-deep fluid.
Abstract: When an incident wave scatters off of an obstacle, it is partially reflected and partially transmitted. In theory, if the obstacle is rotating, waves can be amplified in the process, extracting energy from the scatterer. Here we describe in detail the first laboratory detection of this phenomenon, known as superradiance 1, 2, 3, 4. We observed that waves propagating on the surface of water can be amplified after being scattered by a draining vortex. The maximum amplification measured was 14% ± 8%, obtained for 3.70 Hz waves, in a 6.25-cm-deep fluid, consistent with the superradiant scattering caused by rapid rotation. We expect our experimental findings to be relevant to black-hole physics, since shallow water waves scattering on a draining fluid constitute an analogue of a black hole 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, as well as to hydrodynamics, due to the close relation to over-reflection instabilities 11, 12, 13.
212 citations
TL;DR: Free-flight mosquito wing kinematics is reported, the full Navier–Stokes equations are solved using computational fluid dynamics with overset grids, and the two new elements are relatively immune to the shallow flapping amplitude and are particularly well suited to high aspect ratio mosquito wings.
Abstract: Mosquitoes exhibit unusual wing kinematics; their long, slender wings flap at remarkably high frequencies for their size (>800 Hz)and with lower stroke amplitudes than any other insect group1. This shifts weight support away from the translation-dominated, aerodynamic mechanisms used by most insects2, as well as by helicopters and aeroplanes, towards poorly understood rotational mechanisms that occur when pitching at the end of each half-stroke. Here we report free-flight mosquito wing kinematics, solve the full Navier–Stokes equations using computational fluid dynamics with overset grids, and validate our results with in vivo flow measurements. We show that, although mosquitoes use familiar separated flow patterns, much of the aerodynamic force that supports their weight is generated in a manner unlike any previously described for a flying animal. There are three key features: leading-edge vortices (a well-known mechanism that appears to be almost ubiquitous in insect flight), trailing-edge vortices caused by a form of wake capture at stroke reversal, and rotational drag. The two new elements are largely independent of the wing velocity, instead relying on rapid changes in the pitch angle (wing rotation) at the end of each half-stroke, and they are therefore relatively immune to the shallow flapping amplitude. Moreover, these mechanisms are particularly well suited to high aspect ratio mosquito wings.
178 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a phase-field multiphase lattice Boltzmann model was developed to systematically investigate the dynamic behavior of a droplet passing through a microfluidic T-junction, especially focusing on the non-breakup of the droplet.
Abstract: We develop a phase-field multiphase lattice Boltzmann model to systematically investigate the dynamic behaviour of a droplet passing through a microfluidic T-junction, especially focusing on the non-breakup of the droplet. Detailed information on the breakup and non-breakup is presented, together with the quantitative evolutions of driving and resistance forces as well as the droplet deformation characteristics involved. Through comparisons between cases of non-breakup and breakup, we find that the appearance of tunnels (the lubricating film between droplet and channel walls) provides a precondition for the final non-breakup of droplets, which slows down the droplet deformation rate and even induces non-breakup. The vortex flow formed inside droplets plays an important role in determining whether they break up or not. In particular, when the strength of vortex flow exceeds a critical value, a droplet can no longer break up. Additionally, more effort has been devoted to investigating the effects of viscosity ratio between disperse and continuous phases and width ratio between branch and main channels on droplet dynamic behaviours. It is found that a large droplet viscosity results in a small velocity gradient in a droplet, which restricts vortex generation and thus produces lower deformation resistance. Consequently, it is easier to break up a droplet with larger viscosity. Our work also reveals that a droplet in small branch channels tends to obstruct the channels and have small vortex flows, which induces easier breakup too. Eventually, several phase diagrams for droplet flow patterns are provided, and the corresponding power-law correlations ( , where is dimensionless initial droplet length and is capillary number) are fitted to describe the boundaries between different flow patterns.
167 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a vortex-stabilized microwave plasma reactor was used to study the energy and conversion efficiency of CO2 dissociation in a power-to-gas storage system.
Abstract: Power-to-gas is a storage technology aiming to convert surplus electricity from renewable energy sources like wind and solar power into gaseous fuels compatible with the current network infrastructure. Results of CO2 dissociation in a vortexstabilized microwave plasma reactor are presented. The microwave field, residence time, quenching, and vortex configuration were varied to investigate their influence on energy- and conversion efficiency of CO2 dissociation. Significant deterioration of the energy efficiency is observed at forward vortex plasmas upon increasing pressure in the range of 100 mbar towards atmospheric pressure, which is mitigated by using a reverse vortex flow configuration of the plasma reactor. Data from optical emission shows that under all conditions covered by the experiments the gas temperature is in excess of 4000 K, suggesting a predominant thermal dissociation. Different strategies are proposed to enhance energy and conversion efficiencies of plasma-driven dissociation of CO2.
163 citations
TL;DR: Systems that exhibit phase competition, order parameter coexistence, and emergent order parameter topologies constitute a major part of modern condensed-matter physics and are observed to be found in PbTiO3/Sr TiO3 superlattices.
Abstract: Systems that exhibit phase competition, order parameter coexistence, and emergent order parameter topologies constitute a major part of modern condensed-matter physics. Here, by applying a range of characterization techniques, and simulations, we observe that in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices all of these effects can be found. By exploring superlattice period-, temperature- and field-dependent evolution of these structures, we observe several new features. First, it is possible to engineer phase coexistence mediated by a first-order phase transition between an emergent, low-temperature vortex phase with electric toroidal order and a high-temperature ferroelectric a1/a2 phase. At room temperature, the coexisting vortex and ferroelectric phases form a mesoscale, fibre-textured hierarchical superstructure. The vortex phase possesses an axial polarization, set by the net polarization of the surrounding ferroelectric domains, such that it possesses a multi-order-parameter state and belongs to a class of gyrotropic electrotoroidal compounds. Finally, application of electric fields to this mixed-phase system permits interconversion between the vortex and the ferroelectric phases concomitant with order-of-magnitude changes in piezoelectric and nonlinear optical responses. Our findings suggest new cross-coupled functionalities.
161 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a vector vortex beam can be decomposed into a vector beam and a vortex, whereby the generation can be realized by sequentially using a q-plate and a spiral phase plate.
Abstract: We propose theoretically and verify experimentally a method of combining a q-plate and a spiral phase plate to generate arbitrary vector vortex beams on a hybrid-order Poincare sphere. We demonstrate that a vector vortex beam can be decomposed into a vector beam and a vortex, whereby the generation can be realized by sequentially using a q-plate and a spiral phase plate. The generated vector beam, vortex, and vector vortex beam are verified and show good agreement with the prediction. Another advantage that should be pointed out is that the spiral phase plate and q-plate are both fabricated on silica substrates, suggesting the potential possibility to integrate the two structures on a single plate. Based on a compact method of transmissive-type transformation, our scheme may have potential applications in future integrated optical devices.
161 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Embon et al. used a nanoscale scanning superconducting quantum interference device to image vortices penetrating into a super-conducting Pb film at rates of tens of GHz and moving with velocities of up to tens of km/s.
Abstract: Quantized magnetic vortices driven by electric current determine key electromagnetic properties of superconductors While the dynamic behavior of slow vortices has been thoroughly investigated, the physics of ultrafast vortices under strong currents remains largely unexplored Here, we use a nanoscale scanning superconducting quantum interference device to image vortices penetrating into a superconducting Pb film at rates of tens of GHz and moving with velocities of up to tens of km/s, which are not only much larger than the speed of sound but also exceed the pair-breaking speed limit of superconducting condensate These experiments reveal formation of mesoscopic vortex channels which undergo cascades of bifurcations as the current and magnetic field increase Our numerical simulations predict metamorphosis of fast Abrikosov vortices into mixed Abrikosov-Josephson vortices at even higher velocities This work offers an insight into the fundamental physics of dynamic vortex states of superconductors at high current densities, crucial for many applicationsUltrafast vortex dynamics driven by strong currents define eletromagnetic properties of superconductors, but it remains unexplored Here, Embon et al use a unique scanning microscopy technique to image steady-state penetration of super-fast vortices into a superconducting Pb film at rates of tens of GHz and velocities up to tens of km/s
160 citations
TL;DR: The term polar vortex has become part of the everyday vocabulary, but there is some confusion in the media, general public, and science community regarding what polar vortices are and how they are related to various weather events.
Abstract: The term polar vortex has become part of the everyday vocabulary, but there is some confusion in the media, general public, and science community regarding what polar vortices are and how they are related to various weather events. Here, we clarify what is meant by polar vortices in the atmospheric science literature. It is important to recognize the existence of two separate planetary-scale circumpolar vortices: one in the stratosphere and the other in the troposphere. These vortices have different structures, seasonality, dynamics, and impacts on extreme weather. The tropospheric vortex is much larger than its stratospheric counterpart and exists year-round, whereas the stratospheric polar vortex forms in fall but disappears in the spring of each year. Both vortices can, in some circumstances, play a role in extreme weather events at the surface, such as cold-air outbreaks, but these events are not the consequence of either the existence or gross properties of these two vortices. Rather, cold-ai...
TL;DR: In this article, the vorticity field given by a multi-phase transport model was used to compute the global polarization of baryons, which is in agreement with experimental data, suggesting that the spin of a hadron could provide information on quark-gluon plasma flow.
Abstract: Off-central relativistic heavy ion collisions impart very large orbital angular momenta onto the quark-gluon plasma, creating a strong vortex in the initial hot fluid and appearing eventually, via spin-vorticity coupling, as particle polarization. From the vorticity field given by a multi-phase transport model the authors compute the global polarization of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ baryons which is in agreement with experimental data. This suggests that the spin of a hadron could provide information on quark-gluon plasma flow.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 3D Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) was used to analyze the dynamics of cavitation-vortex interactions in the Delft twisted hydrofoil.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the hydrodynamic benefits of body-fin and fin-fin interactions in a fish model in carangiform swimming and found that the leading edge vortices produced by the caudal fin are associated with most of the thrust production in this fish model.
Abstract: Numerical simulations are used to investigate the hydrodynamic benefits of body–fin and fin–fin interactions in a fish model in carangiform swimming. The geometry and kinematics of the model are reconstructed in three-dimensions from high-speed videos of a live fish, Crevalle Jack (Caranx hippos), during steady swimming. The simulations employ an immersed-boundary-method-based incompressible Navier–Stokes flow solver that allows us to quantitatively characterize the propulsive performance of the fish median fins (the dorsal and the anal fins) and the caudal fin using three-dimensional full body simulations. This includes a detailed analysis of associated performance enhancement mechanisms and their connection to the vortex dynamics. Comparisons are made using three different models containing different combinations of the fish body and fins to provide insights into the force production. The results indicate that the fish produces high performance propulsion by utilizing complex interactions among the fins and the body. By connecting the vortex dynamics and surface force distribution, it is found that the leading-edge vortices produced by the caudal fin are associated with most of the thrust production in this fish model. These vortices could be strengthened by the vorticity capture from the vortices generated by the posterior body during undulatory motion. Meanwhile, the pressure difference between the two sides of posterior body resulting from the posterior body vortices (PBVs) helps with the alleviation of the body drag. The appearance of the median fins in the posterior region further strengthens the PBVs and caudal-fin wake capture mechanism. This work provides new physical insights into how body–fin and fin–fin interactions enhance thrust production in swimming fishes, and emphasizes that movements of both the body and fins contribute to overall swimming performance in fish locomotion.
TL;DR: This work employs phase-field simulations, analytical theory, and experimental observations to evaluate thermodynamic conditions and geometric length scales that are critical for the formation of exotic vortex states in ferroelectric superlattices, and finds that the critical length is related to the intrinsic domain wall width.
Abstract: A novel mesoscale state comprising of an ordered polar vortex lattice has been demonstrated in ferroelectric superlattices of PbTiO3/SrTiO3. Here, we employ phase-field simulations, analytical theory, and experimental observations to evaluate thermodynamic conditions and geometric length scales that are critical for the formation of such exotic vortex states. We show that the stability of these vortex lattices involves an intimate competition between long-range electrostatic, long-range elastic, and short-range polarization gradient-related interactions leading to both an upper and a lower bound to the length scale at which these states can be observed. We found that the critical length is related to the intrinsic domain wall width, which could serve as a simple intuitive design rule for the discovery of novel ultrafine topological structures in ferroic systems.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated for the first time that a large surface energy barrier can be formed to strongly pin the three-phase contact line of air/water/solid by covering the inner rotor of a Taylor-Couette flow apparatus with alternating superhydrophobic and hydrophilic circumferential strips.
Abstract: Superhydrophobic surfaces have the potential to reduce the viscous drag of liquids by significantly decreasing friction at a solid-liquid interface due to the formation of air layers between solid walls and interacting liquids. However, the trapped air usually becomes unstable due to the finite nature of the domain over which it forms. We demonstrate for the first time that a large surface energy barrier can be formed to strongly pin the three-phase contact line of air/water/solid by covering the inner rotor of a Taylor-Couette flow apparatus with alternating superhydrophobic and hydrophilic circumferential strips. This prevents the disruption of the air layer, which forms stable and continuous air rings. The drag reduction measured at the inner rotor could be as much as 77.2%. Moreover, the air layers not only significantly reduce the strength of Taylor vortexes but also influence the number and position of the Taylor vortex pairs. This has strong implications in terms of energy efficiency maximization for marine applications and reduction of drag losses in, for example, fluid transport in pipelines and carriers.
TL;DR: In this article, the wake of a five-bladed marine propeller at design operating condition is studied using large eddy simulation (LES), and the mean loads and phase-averaged flow field show good agreement with experiments.
Abstract: The wake of a five-bladed marine propeller at design operating condition is studied using large eddy simulation (LES). The mean loads and phase-averaged flow field show good agreement with experiments. Phase-averaged and azimuthal-averaged flow fields are analysed in detail to examine the mechanisms of wake instability. The propeller wake consisting of tip and hub vortices undergoes streamtube contraction, which is followed by the onset of instabilities as evident from the oscillations of the tip vortices. Simulation results reveal a mutual-induction mechanism of instability where, instead of the tip vortices interacting among themselves, they interact with the smaller vortices generated by the roll-up of the blade trailing edge wake in the near wake. It is argued that although the mutual-inductance mode is the dominant mode of instability in propellers, the actual mechanism depends on the propeller geometry and the operating conditions. The axial evolution of the propeller wake from near to far field is discussed. Once the propeller wake becomes unstable, the coherent vortical structures break up and evolve into the far wake, composed of a fluid mass swirling around an oscillating hub vortex. The hub vortex remains coherent over the length of the computational domain.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Strouhal number, phase angle between heave and pitch at the trailing edge, and angle of attack are principal parameters for a single fish and a pair of hydrodynamically interacting fish.
Abstract: We establish through numerical simulation conditions for optimal undulatory propulsion for a single fish, and for a pair of hydrodynamically interacting fish, accounting for linear and angular recoil. We first employ systematic two-dimensional (2-D) simulations to identify conditions for minimal propulsive power of a self-propelled fish, and continue with targeted 3-D simulations for a danio-like fish; all at Reynolds number 5000. We find that the Strouhal number, phase angle between heave and pitch at the trailing edge, and angle of attack are principal parameters. For 2-D simulations, imposing a deformation based on measured displacement for carangiform swimming provides, at best, efficiency of 35 %, which increases to 50 % for an optimized motion; for a 3-D fish, the efficiency increases from 22 % to 34 %. Indeed, angular recoil has significant impact on efficiency, and optimized body bending requires maximum bending amplitude upstream of the trailing edge. Next, we turn to 2-D simulation of two hydrodynamically interacting fish. We find that the upstream fish benefits energetically only for small distances. In contrast, the downstream fish can benefit at any position that allows interaction with the upstream wake, provided its body motion is timed appropriately with respect to the oncoming vortices. For an in-line configuration, one body length apart, the efficiency of the downstream fish can increase from 50 % to 60 %; for an offset arrangement it can reach 80 %. This proves that in groups of fish, energy savings can be achieved for downstream fish through interaction with oncoming vortices, even when the downstream fish lies directly inside the jet-like flow of an upstream fish.
TL;DR: In this article, a simulation of a symmetric foil undergoing prescribed oscillations in a two-dimensional free stream is presented, and the authors compare measurements and simulations when the foil is forced with pitching oscillations, and find a close correspondence between flow visualisations using thickness variations in the soap film and numerically determined vortex structures.
Abstract: We present a combined numerical (particle vortex method) and experimental (soap film tunnel) study of a symmetric foil undergoing prescribed oscillations in a two-dimensional free stream. We explore pure pitching and pure heaving, and contrast these two generic types of kinematics. We compare measurements and simulations when the foil is forced with pitching oscillations, and we find a close correspondence between flow visualisations using thickness variations in the soap film and the numerically determined vortex structures. Numerically, we determine wake maps spanned by oscillation frequency and amplitude, and we find qualitatively similar maps for pitching and heaving. We determine the drag–thrust transition for both pitching and heaving numerically, and we discuss it in relation to changes in wake structure. For heaving with low oscillation frequency and high amplitude, we find that the drag–thrust transition occurs in a parameter region with wakes in which two vortex pairs are formed per oscillation period, in contrast to the common transition scenario in regions with inverted von Karman wakes.
TL;DR: It is described here how turbulent spots are initiated in bypass boundary-layer transition and the ubiquity of concentrations of vortices in the fully turbulent region with characteristics remarkably like transitional–turbulent spots is uncovered.
Abstract: Two observations drawn from a thoroughly validated direct numerical simulation of the canonical spatially developing, zero-pressure gradient, smooth, flat-plate boundary layer are presented here. The first is that, for bypass transition in the narrow sense defined herein, we found that the transitional-turbulent spot inception mechanism is analogous to the secondary instability of boundary-layer natural transition, namely a spanwise vortex filament becomes a [Formula: see text] vortex and then, a hairpin packet. Long streak meandering does occur but usually when a streak is infected by a nearby existing transitional-turbulent spot. Streak waviness and breakdown are, therefore, not the mechanisms for the inception of transitional-turbulent spots found here. Rather, they only facilitate the growth and spreading of existing transitional-turbulent spots. The second observation is the discovery, in the inner layer of the developed turbulent boundary layer, of what we call turbulent-turbulent spots. These turbulent-turbulent spots are dense concentrations of small-scale vortices with high swirling strength originating from hairpin packets. Although structurally quite similar to the transitional-turbulent spots, these turbulent-turbulent spots are generated locally in the fully turbulent environment, and they are persistent with a systematic variation of detection threshold level. They exert indentation, segmentation, and termination on the viscous sublayer streaks, and they coincide with local concentrations of high levels of Reynolds shear stress, enstrophy, and temperature fluctuations. The sublayer streaks seem to be passive and are often simply the rims of the indentation pockets arising from the turbulent-turbulent spots.
TL;DR: In this article, a planar Pancharatnam-berry (PB) phase element was proposed to replace all the elements required to obtain the perfect vortex beam for integrated optical communication and micromanipulation systems.
Abstract: Perfect vortex beams are the orbital angular momentum (OAM)-carrying beams with fixed annular intensities, which provide a better source of OAM than traditional Laguerre-Gaussian beams. However, ordinary schemes to obtain the perfect vortex beams are usually bulky and unstable. We demonstrate here a novel generation scheme by designing planar Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase elements to replace all the elements required. Different from the conventional approaches based on reflective or refractive elements, PB phase elements can dramatically reduce the occupying volume of system. Moreover, the PB phase element scheme is easily developed to produce the perfect vector beams. Therefore, our scheme may provide prominent vortex and vector sources for integrated optical communication and micromanipulation systems.
TL;DR: The results show that helicity can remain constant even in a viscous fluid and provide an improved basis for understanding and manipulating helicity in real flows.
Abstract: Helicity, a topological measure of the intertwining of vortices in a fluid flow, is a conserved quantity in inviscid fluids but can be dissipated by viscosity in real flows. Despite its relevance across a range of flows, helicity in real fluids remains poorly understood because the entire quantity is challenging to measure. We measured the total helicity of thin-core vortex tubes in water. For helical vortices that are stretched or compressed by a second vortex, we found conservation of total helicity. For an isolated helical vortex, we observed evolution toward and maintenance of a constant helicity state after the dissipation of twist helicity by viscosity. Our results show that helicity can remain constant even in a viscous fluid and provide an improved basis for understanding and manipulating helicity in real flows.
TL;DR: In this paper, a cylindrical test model is modified with a slit parallel to the incoming airflow to create a flow communicating channel between the windward and leeward stagnation points.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show theoretically that vortex beams can be useful for controlling magnetic properties of solids, in particular, they focus on chiral ferromagnets and antiferromeagnets where topologically stable magnetic defects (skyrmions) appear.
Abstract: Laser beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), first proposed by Allen et al. in 1992, is one of hottest research subjects in modern optics. Such a beam, called an optical vortex, is used to realize superresolution microscopes, chiral optical ablation, optical tweezers, and so on. More recently, electron beams with nonzero OAM are also proposed and experimentally realized. In spite of the growing attention towards such ``vortex beams'', their applications for condensed matter physics are almost untapped so far, especially for controlling microscopic electronic and magnetic degrees of freedom in solids. Here, the authors show theoretically that vortex beams can be useful for controlling magnetic properties of solids. In particular, they focus on chiral ferromagnets and antiferromagnets where topologically stable magnetic defects (skyrmions) appear. On the basis of numerical simulations using the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, they show that via the laser-beam-induced spatially nonuniform temperature changes, the characteristic donut-shaped spatial profile of vortex beams can be faithfully transferred to magnets as a family of magnetic defects (n$\ensuremath{\pi}$ vortices), which include skyrmions and skyrmioniums.
TL;DR: In this paper, the existence of a spiral spin-liquid state in the quantum magnet MnSc2S4 has been proved using neutron scattering techniques by directly observing the "spiral surface", a continuous surface of spiral propagation vectors in reciprocal space.
Abstract: Spirals and helices are common motifs of long-range order in magnetic solids, and they may also be organized into more complex emergent structures such as magnetic skyrmions and vortices. A new type of spiral state, the spiral spin-liquid, in which spins fluctuate collectively as spirals, has recently been predicted to exist. Here, using neutron scattering techniques, we experimentally prove the existence of a spiral spin-liquid in MnSc2S4 by directly observing the ‘spiral surface’—a continuous surface of spiral propagation vectors in reciprocal space. We elucidate the multi-step ordering behaviour of the spiral spin-liquid, and discover a vortex-like triple-q phase on application of a magnetic field. Our results prove the effectiveness of the J1–J2 Hamiltonian on the diamond lattice as a model for the spiral spin-liquid state in MnSc2S4, and also demonstrate a new way to realize a magnetic vortex lattice through frustrated interactions. A detailed and systematic neutron scattering study uncovers a spiral spin-liquid state in the quantum magnet MnSc2S4.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the development of a leakage vortex is observed as the tip clearance increases, and the trajectory of this leakage vortex remains in the same direction along the blade suction side for different tip clearances.
Abstract: Tip clearance between blade end and shroud is inevitable in pump operation and of great importance on pump energy performance and pressure fluctuation. As the tip clearance size increases, the head and efficiency of the mixed flow pump drop accordingly. The simulation results show that the development of a leakage vortex is observed as the tip clearance increases, and the trajectory of this leakage vortex remains in the same direction along the blade suction side for different tip clearances. With the increase in tip clearance size, the intensity of the leakage vortex is enhanced, and the separation between the main leakage vortex and the secondary leakage vortex is also strengthened. The leakage separation angle near the blade tip remains at the same value of 10° for different tip clearance sizes. As for the spectrum analysis, the maximum amplitudes of pressure fluctuations dramatically increase in the impeller when the tip clearance increases from 0.0 mm to 1.0 mm, and the dominant frequencies go from 145 Hz to 184 Hz due to the considerable leakage flow.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Dammann vortex gratings and spiral Dammann zone plates were employed to generate a 3D volumetric optical vortex array with micrometer spatial separation from visible to near-infrared wavelengths.
Abstract: Recent advances in metasurfaces, i.e., two-dimensional arrays of engineered nanoscale inclusions that are assembled onto a surface, have revolutionized the way to control electromagnetic waves with ultrathin, compact components. The generation of optical vortex beams, which carry orbital angular momentum, has emerged as a vital approach to applications ranging from high-capacity optical communication to parallel laser fabrication. However, the typically bulky elements used for the generation of optical vortices impose a fundamental limit toward on-chip integration with subwavelength footprints. Here, we investigate and experimentally demonstrate a three-dimensional volumetric optical vortices generation based on light–matter interaction with a high-efficiency dielectric metasurface. By employing the concepts of Dammann vortex gratings and spiral Dammann zone plates, a 3D optical vortex array with micrometer spatial separation is achieved from visible to near-infrared wavelengths. Importantly, we show that...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an experimental observation of acoustic vortex states in sonic crystals, where the vortex chirality forms a good carrier of information for sound and a peculiar beam-splitting behavior is observed.
Abstract: As one of the most common waves in daily life, scalar sound is not easy to control by external fields since it lacks the intrinsic degrees of freedom such as the charge and spin in electrons. Here, the authors present an experimental observation of acoustic vortex states in sonic crystals, where the vortex chirality forms a good carrier of information for sound. By selectively exciting such novel states, they have fabricated a lattice array of sound vortices, and controlled the vortex chirality according to the operating frequency or incident direction of external sound. Furthermore, a peculiar beam-splitting behavior is observed, where the two spatially separated sound beams carry opposite vortex chirality, as manifested in the image here.
TL;DR: The results suggest optical interference of the incident and reflected laser beams as a source of complex surface intensity distributions in metal films, possessing spiral components and driving both center-symmetric and spiral thermocapillary melt flows to yield in frozen nanoneedles with their pre-determined spiral nanocarving.
Abstract: Donut-shaped laser radiation, carrying orbital angular momentum, namely optical vortex, was recently shown to provide vectorial mass transfer, twisting transiently molten material and producing chiral micro-scale structures on surfaces of different bulk materials upon their resolidification. In this paper, we show that at high-NA focusing nanosecond laser vortices can produce chiral nanoneedles (nanojets) of variable size on thin films of such plasmonic materials, as silver and gold films, covering thermally insulating substrates. Main geometric parameters of the produced chiral nanojets, such as height and aspect ratio, were shown to be tunable in a wide range by varying metal film thickness, supporting substrates, and the optical size of the vortex beam. Donut-shaped vortex nanosecond laser pulses, carrying two vortices with opposite handedness, were demonstrated to produce two chiral nanojets twisted in opposite directions. These results suggest optical interference of the incident and reflected laser beams as a source of complex surface intensity distributions in metal films, possessing spiral components and driving both center-symmetric and spiral thermocapillary melt flows to yield in frozen nanoneedles with their pre-determined spiral nanocarving.