Government of Canada

About: Government of Canada is a government organization based out in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Monetary policy & Productivity. The organization has 796 authors who have published 886 publications receiving 21366 citations. The organization is also known as: federal government of Canada & Her Majesty's Government.

Sovereignty as Trusteeship and Indigenous Peoples

Abstract: We explore two special challenges indigenous peoples pose to the idea of sovereigns as trustees for humanity The first challenge is rooted in a colonial history during which a trusteeship model of sovereignty served as an enabler of paternalistic colonial policies The challenge is to show that the trusteeship model is not irreparably colonial in nature The second challenge, which emerges from the first, is to specify the scope and nature of indigenous people's sovereignty within the trusteeship model Whereas the interaction between states and foreign nationals is the locus of cosmopolitan law, the relationship between states and indigenous peoples is distinctive In the ordinary cosmopolitan case, foreign nationals do not purport to possess legal authority Indigenous peoples often do make such a claim, pitting their claim to authority against the state's We discuss how international law has attempted to come to grips with indigenous sovereignty by requiring states to include indigenous peoples in decision-making processes that affect their historical lands and rights A crucial fault line in the jurisprudence, however, separates a duty to consult indigenous peoples from a duty to acquire their free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) The latter but not the former recognizes that indigenous peoples possess a veto over state projects on their lands, in effect recognizing in them a limited co-legislative power We focus on recent jurisprudence from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and consider whether either the duty to consult or FPIC are enough to dispel the shadow of the trusteeship model’s colonial past We suggest that at the very least they are a move in the right direction, and that implicitly they represent international law's recognition that states are no longer the sole bearers of sovereignty at international law In limited circumstances, international law recognizes indigenous peoples as sovereign actors

Aquaculture Production Systems

Abstract: The global wild fishery cannot provide for the increasing demand for fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Aquaculture is the farming of these aquatic organisms that is increasing to meet this demand. The dramatic increase in aquaculture to provide nutrition for growing populations is also increasing stress on the environment. There is need to develop sustainable, energy-efficient methods in the industry. This chapter examines techniques for how we can have a sustainable aquaculture globally.

Markov-Switching Mixed-Frequency VAR Models

Abstract: This paper introduces regime switching parameters in the Mixed-Frequency VAR model. We first discuss estimation and inference for Markov-switching Mixed-Frequency VAR (MSMF-VAR) models. Next, we assess the finite sample performance of the technique in Monte-Carlo experiments. Finally, the MSMF-VAR model is applied to predict GDP growth and business cycle turning points in the euro area. Its performance is compared with that of a number of competing models, including linear and regime switching mixed data sampling (MIDAS) models. The results suggest that MSMF-VAR models are particularly useful to estimate the status of economic activity.

Class Actions: Objectives, Experiences and Reforms (Final Report)

Abstract: In 2017, the Law Commission of Ontario (LCO) initiated an independent study to consider Ontario’s experience with class actions since the enactment of the Class Proceedings Act, 1992 (CPA). During this period, class actions have grown significantly in volume, complexity, and impact in Ontario and across Canada. Class actions also have systemic implications for access to justice, court procedures and efficiency, and government and corporate liability. Finally, this form of litigation has had major financial, policy and even cultural implications across the country. Following an intensive 18-month research project that included over 100 interviews with stakeholders and an empirical examination of Ontario cases, the LCO published its final report, and made over 40 recommendations for amendment and reform of the CPA. It is the first review of the CPA since the Act's inception, and the most detailed examination of class actions in Canada in three decades.

The cooling behavior of deep penetration welds undergoing austenite-ferrite transformation

Abstract: Austenite and ferrite-pearlite cooling rate and cooling time relationships are proposed for deep penetration (electron beam) carbon-manganese and low alloy steel welds. These relationships are based on an analysis of experimental results by the heat transfer methods first suggested by Dorschu, Signes, and recently extended by Graville for the shallow penetration (arc) techniques. The cooling behavior of carbon-manganese and low alloy deep penetration welds is compared to the cooling behavior of equivalent austenitic stainless steel welds where there are no transformation effects. The results are rationalized in terms of the thermal properties of ferrite and austenite.