Government of Canada

About: Government of Canada is a government organization based out in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Monetary policy & Productivity. The organization has 796 authors who have published 886 publications receiving 21366 citations. The organization is also known as: federal government of Canada & Her Majesty's Government.

Biconical-taper single-mode fiber coupler

Abstract: Single-mode fiber couplers produced as fused biconical-taper structures are reported on. The devices exhibit low loss (0.5 dB), arbitrary branching ratio, polarization independence, and broadband operation in wavelength.

Trophic cascades and phytoplankton community structure

Abstract: Two predators of zooplankton, fish (yellow perch) and larval insects (Chaoborus), were manipulated within in situ mesocosms to assess their indirect effects on phytoplankton. The two predators caused similar reductions in zooplankton size and biomass, and as a consequence, zooplankton grazing rates on phytoplankton. However, phytoplankton increased relative to predator—free controls only in enclosures with fish and not in enclosures with Chaoborus, suggesting that fish have effects on phytoplankton independent of their effects on zooplankton grazing rates. Estimation of phosphorus excretion rates of zooplankton and fish suggests that fish render P more available to phytoplankton in two ways: (1) by directly excreting and egesting P, and (2) by increasing rates of P excretion by the zooplankton community. The latter effect resulted because small zooplankton have higher biomass—specific excretion rates than large zooplankton. The importance of nutrient regeneration is further supported by the response of phytoplankton community structure. Phytoplankton taxa exhibiting enhanced biomass in the presence of fish were those with high P requirements, including green and blue—green algae and dinoflagellates; other phytoplankton groups did not respond to manipulations. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the tropic cascade are complex and that predators affect phytoplankton by altering nutrient recycling rates as well as zooplankton grazing rates.

Will They Ever Converge? Earnings of Immigrants and Canadian-born Workers Over the Last Two Decades

Abstract: Using census data covering the 1980 to 2000 period, we examine what outcomes would be necessary for cohorts of recent immigrants to achieve earnings parity with Canadian-born workers. Our results show that today's recent immigrants would have to experience a drastic rise of their relative age-earnings profile in the near future for their earnings to converge with their Canadian-born counterparts. The reason is simple: the greater relative earnings growth experienced by cohorts of recent immigrants has only partially offset the drastic deterioration in their relative earnings at entry.

Prediction of biological acid neutralization in acid-sensitive lakes

Abstract: Sulfate and nitrate removal, and the resulting sulfuric and nitric acid neutralization within acid-sensitive lakes, were predicted from a simple model requiring knowledge only of water residence time, mean depth, and average mass transfer coefficients for nitrate and sulfate removal. The model applies to lakes with oxic hypolimnia which are typical of acid-sensitive lakes. Average mass transfer coefficients for sulfate and nitrate were obtained by two independent methods which agreed well with each other. A model such as this is necessary for predicting the rates at which different lakes acidify and recover from acidification, and explains why lakes with short water residence times are especially susceptible to acidification.

Macroprudential Capital Requirements and Systemic Risk

Abstract: When regulating banks based on their contribution to the overall risk of the banking system we have to consider that the risk of the banking system as well as each bank's risk contribution changes once bank equity capital gets reallocated. We define macroprudential capital requirements as the fixed point at which each bank's capital requirement equals its contribution to the risk of the system under the proposed capital requirements. This study uses two alternative models, a network based framework and a Merton model, to measure systemic risk and how it changes with bank capital and allocates risk to individual banks based on five risk allocation mechanisms used in the literature. Using a sample of Canadian banks we find that macroprudential capital allocations can differ by as much as 70% from observed capital levels, are not trivially related to bank size or individual bank default probability, increase in interbank assets, and differ substantially from a simple risk attribution analysis. We further find that across both models and all risk allocation mechanisms that macroprudential capital requirements reduce the default probabilities of individual banks as well as the probability of a systemic crisis by about 25%. Macroprudential capital requirements are robust to model risk and are positively correlated to future capital raised by banks as well as future losses in equity value. Our results suggest that financial stability can be substantially enhanced by implementing a systemic perspective on bank regulation.