Showing papers by "University of Tokyo published in 1996"
TL;DR: This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics, using data from previous editions.
12,798 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometric system, a new five-color (u' g' r' i' z') wide-band CCD system with wavelength coverage from 3000 to 11 000 A.
Abstract: This paper describes the Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometric system, a new five-color (u' g' r' i' z') wide-band CCD system with wavelength coverage from 3000 to 11 000 A. The zero points will be based on an updated version of the spectrophotometric ABv system. This updated calibration, designated as AB95, is presented in this paper.
3,098 citations
TL;DR: Results provide direct genetic evidence that COX-2 plays a key role in tumorigenesis and indicate that COx-2-selective inhibitors can be a novel class of therapeutic agents for colorectal polyposis and cancer.
2,446 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the electronic states of graphite ribbons with edges of two typical shapes, armchair and zigzag, were studied by performing tight binding band calculations, and it was shown that the graphite ribbon showed striking contrast in the electronic state depending on the edge shape.
Abstract: We study the electronic states of graphite ribbons with edges of two typical shapes, armchair and zigzag, by performing tight binding band calculations, and find that the graphite ribbons show striking contrast in the electronic states depending on the edge shape. In particular, a zigzag ribbon shows a remarkably sharp peak of density of states at the Fermi level, which does not originate from infinite graphite. We find that the singular electronic states arise from the partly flat bands at the Fermi level, whose wave functions are mainly localized on the zigzag edge. We reveal the puzzle for the emergence of the peculiar edge state by deriving the analytic form in the case of semi-infinite graphite with a zigzag edge. Applying the Hubbard model within the mean-field approximation, we discuss the possible magnetic structure in nanometer-scale micrographite.
2,426 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new GaAs-based diluted magnetic semiconductor, (Ga,Mn)As, was prepared by molecular beam epitaxy and the lattice constant was determined by x-ray diffraction and shown to increase with the increase of Mn composition, x.
Abstract: A new GaAs‐based diluted magnetic semiconductor, (Ga,Mn)As, was prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. The lattice constant of (Ga,Mn)As films was determined by x‐ray diffraction and shown to increase with the increase of Mn composition, x. Well‐aligned in‐plane ferromagnetic order was observed by magnetization measurements. Magnetotransport measurements revealed the occurrence of anomalous Hall effect in the (Ga,Mn)As layer.
2,072 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a moving-particle semi-implicit (MPS) method for simulating fragmentation of incompressible fluids is presented, where the motion of each particle is calculated through interactions with neighboring particles covered with the kernel function.
Abstract: A moving-particle semi-implicit (MPS) method for simulating fragmentation of incompressible fluids is presented. The motion of each particle is calculated through interactions with neighboring particles covered with the kernel function. Deterministic particle interaction models representing gradient, Laplacian, and free surfaces are proposed. Fluid density is implicitly required to be constant as the incompressibility condition, while the other terms are explicitly calculated. The Poisson equation of pressure is solved by the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient method. Collapse of a water column is calculated using MPS. The effect of parameters in the models is investigated in test calculations. Good agreement with an experiment is obtained even if fragmentation and coalescence of the fluid take place.
1,653 citations
TL;DR: The magnetization in the ferrimagnetic region below 16 kelvin was substantially increased after illumination and could be restored almost to its original level by thermal treatment and these effects are thought to be caused by an internal photochemical redox reaction.
Abstract: Photoinduced magnetization was observed in a Prussian blue analog, K0.2Co1.4- [Fe(CN)6]·6.9H2O. An increase in the critical temperature from 16 to 19 kelvin was observed as a result of red light illumination. Moreover, the magnetization in the ferrimagnetic region below 16 kelvin was substantially increased after illumination and could be restored almost to its original level by thermal treatment. These effects are thought to be caused by an internal photochemical redox reaction. Furthermore, blue light illumination could be used to partly remove the enhancement of the magnetization. Such control over magnetic properties by optical stimuli may have application in magneto-optical devices.
1,537 citations
TL;DR: The catalytic properties of heteropoly compounds have drawn wide attention, owing to the versatility of these compounds as catalysts, which has been demonstrated both by success in large-scale applications and by promising laboratory results as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the essence of the catalytic chemistry of heteropoly compounds in solution and in the solid state. The catalytic properties of heteropoly compounds have drawn wide attention, owing to the versatility of these compounds as catalysts, which has been demonstrated both by successhl large-scale applications and by promising laboratory results. Heteropolyanions are polymeric oxoanions formed by condensation of more than two different mononuclear oxoanions. Heteropolyanions formed from one kind of polyanion are called isopolyanions. Acidic elements such as Mo, W, V, Nb and Ta, which are present as oxoanions in aqueous solution, tend to polymerize by dehydration at low pH, forming polyanions and water.Heteropoly catalysts can be applied in various ways. They are used as acid as well as oxidation catalysts. They are used in various phases, as homogeneous liquids, in two-phase liquids (in phase-transfer catalysis), and in liquid-solid and in gas-solid combinations, etc.
1,047 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate an alternative strategy, in which they synthesize layered variants of the cubic perovskite parent compounds that have a controlled number of MnO2 sheets per unit cell, which is structurally analogous to that employed for the systematic exploration of the high-transition-temperature copper oxide superconductors.
Abstract: MANGANESE oxides with the cubic perovskite structure (typified by LaMnO3) have stimulated considerable interest because of their magnetoresistive properties1–9; they exhibit extremely large changes in electrical resistance in response to applied magnetic fields, a property that is of technological relevance for the development of magnetic memory and switching devices. But for such applications to be viable, great improvements will be needed in both the sensitivity and temperature dependence of the magnetoresistive response. One approach under consideration for optimizing these properties is chemical substitution10. Here we demonstrate an alternative strategy, in which we synthesize layered variants of the cubic perovskite parent compounds that have a controlled number of MnO2 sheets per unit cell. This strategy is structurally analogous to that employed for the systematic exploration of the high-transition-temperature copper oxide superconductors11. We find that the magneto-resistive properties of these materials depend sensitively on the dimensionality of the manganese oxide lattice. Although the properties of our materials are still far from optimal, further exploration of this series of layered perovskites may prove fruitful.
1,038 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that the many Eph-related receptor tyrosine kinases, and their numerous membrane-bound ligands, can each be grouped into only two major specificity subclasses, revealing that the developing embryo is subdivided into domains defined by reciprocal and apparently mutually exclusive expression of a receptor subclass and its corresponding ligands.
873 citations
TL;DR: An efficient method of constructing recombinant adenoviruses (Ads) by establishing construction systems for two types of Ad vectors, the E1-substitution type and the E4-insertion type, which may greatly facilitate the application of recombinant Ads and should be useful for further improvement ofAd vectors.
Abstract: An efficient method of constructing recombinant adenoviruses (Ads) has been established. The expression unit to be introduced into recombinant Ad was first inserted into the unique Swa I site of the full-length Ad genome cloned in a cassette cosmid. The cassette bearing the expression unit was then cotransfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells together with the Ad DNA-terminal protein complex digested at several sites with Eco T22I or Ase I/EcoRI. The use of the parent Ad DNA-terminal protein complex instead of the deproteinized Ad genome DNA allowed very efficient recovery of the desired recombinant Ad, and the above restriction digestion drastically reduced regeneration of the parent virus. Several hundred virus clones were readily obtained in each experiment, and about 70% of the clones were the desired recombinant viruses. Furthermore, because the cassette contained the full-length Ad genome, any position of the genome could be easily modified to develop a new vector design. We established construction systems for two types of Ad vectors, the E1-substitution type and the E4-insertion type. This method may greatly facilitate the application of recombinant Ads and should be useful for further improvement of Ad vectors.
TL;DR: An epidemiological survey for the causes of a high incidence of primary liver cancer in Haimen city, Jian-Su province and Fusui county, Guangxi province in China, found a close correlation between the incidence of PLC and the drinking of pond and ditch water, supporting a hypothesis that the blue-green algal toxin MC in the drinking water of ponds/ditches and rivers, or both, is one of the risk factors for the high incidence.
Abstract: ^o whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed An epidemiological survey for the causes of a high incidence of primary liver cancer (PLC) in Haimen city, Jian-Su province and Fusui county, Guangxi province in China, found a close correlation between the incidence of PLC and the drinking of pond and ditch water. With an aim to clarify whether microcystins (MC), a hepatotoxic peptide produced by water bloom algae, contaminate the drinking water in the endemic areas of PLC in China, a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a detection limit of 50 pg/ml, was introduced to monitor the MC. Three trials to survey the drinking water were carried out in 1993-1994. Samples, 1135 in total, were collected from different sources such as: ponds, ditches, rivers, shallow wells and deep wells in Haimen city. The first survey in September 1993 found that three out of 14 ditch water specimens were positive for MC, with a range of 90-460 pg/ ml. Several toxic algae such as Oscillatoria agardhii were present in some of the ditches. In the second trial, samples were collected from five ponds/ditches, two rivers, two shallow wells and two deep wells monthly for the whole year of 1994. These data showed that MC was highest in June to September, with a range of 62-296 pg/ml. A third trial on the 989 different water samples collected from the different types of water sources in July 1994 revealed that 17% of the pond/ditch water, 32% of the river water, and 4% of the shallow-well water were positive for MC, with averages of 101, 160 and 68 pg/ml respectively. No MC was detected in deep well water. A similar survey on 26 drinking water samples in Fusui, Guangxi province, demonstrated a high contamination frequency of MC in the water of ponds/ditches and rivers but no MC in shallow and deep wells. These data support a hypothesis that the blue-green algal toxin MC in the drinking water of ponds/ ditches and rivers, or both, is one of the risk factors for the high incidence of PLC in China. Based on previous findings on the epidemiology of PLC and the present results from the mass screening of MC in the drinking water, an advisory level of MC in drinking water was proposed to below 0.01 ng/1. The combined effect of a potent hepatocarcinogen AFB, and an intermittent intake of MC in
TL;DR: The cloned ER gene encodes a putative receptor protein kinases, and the results suggest that cell-cell communication mediated by a receptor kinase has an important role in plant morphogenesis.
Abstract: Arabidopsis Landsberg erecta is one of the most popular ecotypes and is used widely for both molecular and genetic studies. It harbors the erecta (er) mutation, which confers a compact inflorescence, blunt fruits, and short petioles. We have identified five er mutant alleles from ecotypes Columbia and Wassilewskija. Phenotypic characterization of the mutant alleles suggests a role for the ER gene in regulating the shape of organs originating from the shoot apical meristem. We cloned the ER gene, and here, we report that it encodes a putative receptor protein kinases. The deduced ER protein contains a cytoplasmic protein kinase catalytic domain, a transmembrane region, and an extracellular domain consisting of leucine-rich repeats, which are thought to interact with other macromolecules. Our results suggest that cell-cell communication mediated by a receptor kinase has an important role in plant morphogenesis.
TL;DR: In this paper, two quorum-sensing regulons have been identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in which the LuxR homologues LasR and rhlR are activated by N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL) and N-butanoy l-L-Homoserine L-homone (BHL) respectively.
Abstract: In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the production of many virulence factors and secondary metabolites is regulated in concert with cell density through quorum sensing. Two quorum-sensing regulons have been identified in which the LuxR homologues LasR and RhlR are activated by N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (OdDHL) and N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (BHL) respectively. The lasR and rhlR genes are linked to the luxl homologues lasl and rhll, which are responsible for synthesis of OdDHL and BHL, respectively. As lasRl and rhlRl are both involved in regulating synthesis of exoenzymes such as elastase, we sought to determine the nature of their interrelationship. By using lacZ transcriptional fusions in both homologous (P. aeruginosa) and heterologous (Escherichia coli) genetic backgrounds we provide evidence that (i) lasR is expressed constitutively throughout the growth cycle, (ii) rhlR expression is regulated by LasR/OdDHL, and (iii) that RhlR/BHL regulates rhll. We also show that expression of the stationary-phase sigma factor gene rpoS is abolished in a P. aeruginosa lasR mutant and in the pleiotropic BHL-negative mutant PANO67. Furthermore, our data reveal that kin E. coli, an rpoS-lacZ fusion is regulated directly by RhlR/BHL. Taken together, these results indicate that P. aeruginosa employs a multilayered hierarchical quorum-sensing cascade involving RhlR/BHL and LasR/OdDHL, interlinked via RpoS, to integrate the regulation of virulence determinants and secondary metabolites with adaptation and survival in the stationary phase.
TL;DR: It is concluded that N‐WASP transmits signals from tyrosine kinases to cause a polarized rearrangement of cortical actin filaments dependent on PIP2.
Abstract: Here we identify a 65 kDa protein (N-WASP) from brain that binds the SH3 domains of Ash/Grb2 The sequence is homologous to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) N-WASP has several functional motifs, such as a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and cofilin-homologous region, through which N-WASP depolymerizes actin filaments When overexpressed in COS 7 cells, the wild-type N-WASP causes several surface protrusions where N-WASP co-localizes with actin filaments Epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment induces the complex formation of EGF receptors and N-WASP, and produces microspikes On the other hand, two mutants, C38W (a point mutation in the PH domain) and deltaVCA (deletion of the actin binding domain), localize predominantly in the nucleus and do not cause a change in the cytoskeleton, irrespective of EGF treatment Interestingly, the C38W PH domain binds less effectively to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) than the wild-type PH domain These results suggest the importance of the PIP2 binding ability of the PH domain and the actin binding for retention in membranes Collectively, we conclude that N-WASP transmits signals from tyrosine kinases to cause a polarized rearrangement of cortical actin filaments dependent on PIP2
TL;DR: Field-induced insulator-to-metal transitions have been found in single crystals, which are accompanied by a melting of the insulating charge-ordered state, which is argued in terms of the effect of discommensuration of the charge concentration on the charge-ordering state.
Abstract: Field-induced insulator-to-metal transitions have been found in ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0.3l~xl~0.5)$ single crystals, which are accompanied by a melting of the insulating charge-ordered (i.e., ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$/${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}$ ordered) state. The transition is of the first order with a hysteresis and is even irreversible at low temperatures. The $x$-dependent metal-insulator phase diagrams in the $H\ensuremath{-}T$ plane indicate that a deviation of $x$ from 0.5 modifies the robustness of the charge-ordering state, which is argued in terms of the effect of discommensuration of the charge concentration on the charge-ordered state.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the East Asian monsoon circulation during the El Nino episodes of'86/87 and '91/92 and found that a southerly wind anomaly appeared in the lower troposphere along the coast of the East Asia during the mature phases of these two ELN events.
Abstract: The East Asian monsoon circulation during the El Nino episodes of'86/87 and '91/92 is studied diagnostically. It is found that a southerly wind anomaly appeared in the lower troposphere along the coast of the East Asia during the mature phases of these two El Nino events. In the case of '86/87, the mature phase covered the boreal summer and the East Asian summer monsoon was intensified. On the other hand, in the case of '91/92, the northern winter was within the mature phase and the East Asian winter monsoon was weakened. Examination of the circulation features suggests that the effects of the El Nino events on the East Asian monsoon are felt through the variation of convective activities over the western equatorial Pacific. Convections in this area are strongly influenced by the evolution of sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific and are strongly suppressed during the mature phase, which exerts significant influences on the direct monsoonal circulation over the western tropical Pacific and the East Asia. The relationship between the East Asian monsoon and El Nino in its mature phase is also confirmed by a historical 850 hPa wind dataset that covers 6 events prior to the '86/87 event. The dataset also suggests that an inverse relationship does not hold during the La Nina periods.
TL;DR: In this article, an alternative procedure to evaluate the void ratio of triaxial test samples is introduced, which is recommended particularly when very loose samples are tested and an important volume change occurring during the saturation process is expected.
TL;DR: Various lepton-flavor-violating (LFV) processes in the supersymmetric standard model with right-handed neutrino supermultiplets are investigated in detail and it is shown that large LFV rates are obtained when $tan\ensuremath{\beta}$ is large.
Abstract: Various lepton-flavor-violating (LFV) processes in the supersymmetric standard model with right-handed neutrino supermultiplets are investigated in detail. It is shown that large LFV rates are obtained when $tan\ensuremath{\beta}$ is large. In the case where the mixing matrix in the lepton sector has a similar structure as the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix and the third-generation Yukawa coupling is as large as that of the top quark, the branching ratios can be as large as $B(\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\gamma})\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ and $B(\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\gamma})\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$, which are within the reach of future experiments. If we assume a large mixing angle solution to the atmospheric neutrino problem, the rate for the process $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ becomes larger. We also discuss the difference between our case and the case of the minimal SU(5) grand unified theory.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented results from 1036 days of solar neutrino data accumulated in the upgraded Kamiokande detector (KAMIOKande III) and showed that no strong correlation of the solar NE flux with the sunspot numbers was found within experimental errors.
Abstract: Results from 1036 days of solar neutrino data accumulated in the upgraded Kamiokande detector (Kamiokande III) are presented. The $^{8}\mathrm{B}$ solar neutrino flux observed in Kamiokande III is ${2.82}_{\ensuremath{-}0.24}^{+0.25}$ (stat) \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.27 (syst) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; the combined flux from Kamiokande II and III (2079 days in total) is 2.80 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.19 (stat) \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.33 (syst) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which is 49% to 64% of the standard solar models. These combined data from January 1987 to February 1995, covering an entire period of solar cycle 22, enabled us to study a correlation between the neutrino flux and the solar activity in detail: no strong correlation of the solar neutrino flux with the sunspot numbers was found within experimental errors. The result on a search for the daytime and nighttime flux difference is also reported.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors observed superconductivity in the ladder material Sr 0.4 Ca 13.6 Cu 24 O 41.84 under pressures of 3 GPa and 4.5 GPa by means of electrical measurements.
Abstract: We have observed superconductivity in the ladder material Sr 0.4 Ca 13.6 Cu 24 O 41.84 under pressures of 3 GPa and 4.5 GPa by means of electrical measurements. The superconducting transition temperatures T c (onset) are 12 K and 9 K at 3 and 4.5 GPa, respectively. The superconducting volume fraction was obtained to be about 5% from magnetization measurement under 3.5 GPa at 4.2 K, indicating the bulk nature of the superconductivity in this system.
TL;DR: In this paper, a molecular-based ferrimagnetic thin films with high critical temperatures (Tc) composed of mixed-valence chromium cyanides were synthesized by means of a simple electrochemical route.
Abstract: Molecular-based ferrimagnetic thin films with high critical temperatures (Tc) composed of mixed-valence chromium cyanides were synthesized by means of a simple electrochemical route. The highest Tc was 270 K, obtained for Cr2.12(CN)6. The Tc values were easily controlled by changing the preparation conditions. Moreover, a reversible shift of Tc could be electrochemically induced. As a result of such electrochemical control, these cyanides can be switched reversibly back and forth between ferrimagnetism and paramagnetism. These magnets thus represent materials in which magnetic properties are combined with electrical functions.
TL;DR: The phenotype of mice carrying a targeted disruption of the thioredoxin gene (Txn) is described and results indicate that Txn expression is essential for early differentiation and morphogenesis of the mouse embryo.
TL;DR: It is believed that the mouse-Musashi-1 and Hu proteins may play distinct roles in neurogenesis, either through sequential regulatory mechanisms or differential sorting of mRNA populations during asymmetric division of neural precursor cells.
TL;DR: In this article, a new model for progenitor systems of Type Ia supernovae is proposed, which consists of an accreting white dwarf and a lobe-filling, low-mass red giant.
Abstract: We propose a new model for progenitor systems of Type Ia supernovae. The model consists of an accreting white dwarf and a lobe-filling, low-mass red giant. When the mass accretion rate exceeds a certain critical rate, there is no static envelope solution on the white dwarf. For this case, we find a new strong wind solution, which replaces the static envelope solution. Even if the mass-losing star has a deep convective envelope, the strong wind stabilizes the mass transfer until the mass ratio, q, between the mass-losing star and the mass-accreting white dwarf reaches 1.15, i.e., q < 1.15. A part of the transferred matter can be accumulated on the white dwarf at a rate that is limited to cr = 9.0 × 10-7 (MWD/M☉ - 0.50) M☉ yr-1, and the rest is blown off in the wind. The photospheric temperature is kept around T ~ 1 × 105-2 × 105 K during the wind phase. After the wind stops, the temperature quickly increases up to ~1 × 106 K. The white dwarf steadily burns hydrogen and accretes helium, thereby being able to increase its mass up to 1.38 M☉ and explode as a Type Ia supernova. The expected birth rate of this type of supernovae is consistent with the observed rate of Type Ia supernovae. The hot white dwarf may not be observed during the strong wind phase due to self-absorption by the wind itself. The Strong wind stops when the mass transfer rate decreases below cr. Then it can be observed as a supersoft X-ray source.
TL;DR: A direct connection between a cellular automaton and integrable nonlinear wave equations is shown and a general method for constructing suchintegrable cellular automata and their $N$-soliton solutions is proposed.
Abstract: We show a direct connection between a cellular automaton and integrable nonlinear wave equations. We also present the $N$-soliton formula for the cellular automaton. Finally, we propose a general method for constructing such integrable cellular automata and their $N$-soliton solutions.
TL;DR: Improved calibration methods for both direct and diffuse radiation, the data-analysis procedure, the results from the proposed code, and several connected problems are discussed.
Abstract: The software code SKYEAD.pack for retrieval of aerosol size distribution and optical thickness from data of direct and diffuse solar radiation is described; measurements are carried out with sky radiometers in the wavelength range 0.369-1.048 µm. The treatment of the radiative transfer problem concerning the optical quantities is mainly based on the IMS (improved multiple and single scattering) method, which uses the delta-M approximation for the truncation of the aerosol phase function and corrects the solution for the first- and second-order scattering. Both linear and nonlinear inversion methods can be used for retrieving the size distribution. Improved calibration methods for both direct and diffuse radiation, the data-analysis procedure, the results from the proposed code, and several connected problems are discussed. The results can be summarized as follows: (a) the SKYRAD.pack code can retrieve the columnar aerosol features with accuracy and efficiency in several environmental situations, provided the input parameters are correctly given; (b) when data of both direct and diffuse solar radiation are used, the detectable radius interval for aerosol particles is approximately from 0.03 to 10 µm; (c) besides the retrieval of the aerosol features, the data-analysis procedure also permits the determination of average values for three input parameters (real and imaginary aerosol refractive index, ground albedo) from the optical data; (d) absolute calibrations for the sky radiometer are not needed, and calibrations for direct and diffuse radiation can be carried out with field data; (e) the nonlinear inversion gives satisfactory results in a larger radius interval, without the unrealistic humps that occur with the linear inversion, but the results strongly depend on the first-guess spectrum; (f) aerosol features retrieved from simulated data showed a better agreement with the given data for the linear inversion than for the nonlinear inversion.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the epsilon 2 subunit plays an essential role in both neuronal pattern formation and synaptic plasticity.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a unification model for dwarf nova outbursts within the basic framework of the disk instability model in which two different intrinsic instabilities (i.e., the thermal instability and the tidal instability) within accretion disks play an essential role.
Abstract: Outburst mechanisms of dwarf novae are discussed. There is a rich variety in outburst behaviors of non-magnetic cataclysmic variable stars, starting from non-outbursting nova-like stars to various sub-classes of dwarf novae (i.e., U Gem-type, Z Cam-type, and SU UMa-type). A unification model for dwarf nova outbursts is proposed within the basic framework of the disk instability model in which two different intrinsic instabilities (i.e., the thermal instability and the tidal instability) within accretion disks play an essential role. Non-magnetic cataclysmic variables are classified into four regions in the orbital-period versus mass-transfer-rate diagram, showing different combinations of stability behavior for the two intrinsic instabilities in accretion disks, and their different outburst behaviors are basically understood in this diagram. We discuss several problems concerning the thermal limit-cycle instability model for dwarf novae above the period gap. We then discuss the thermal-tidal instability model for SU UMa stars, dwarf novae below the period gap, in which the coupling of the two intrinsic instabilities in the accretion disk plays a unique role. In particular, a rich variety of outburst behaviors of cataclysmic variables below the period gap (i.e., starting from "permanent superhumpers", to Z Cam-like SU UMa stars, "ER UMa stars", to ordinary SU UMa stars, and finally to WZ Sge stars) is understood by the thermal-tidal instability model.