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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

APP mouse models for Alzheimer's disease preclinical studies

TLDR
Different APP mouse models of AD are evaluated, the comparative strengths and limitations of each model are considered against the scientific and therapeutic goal of a prospective preclinical study, and recent studies using the second‐generation mice are reviewed.
Abstract
Animal models of human diseases that accurately recapitulate clinical pathology are indispensable for understanding molecular mechanisms and advancing preclinical studies. The Alzheimer's disease (AD) research community has historically used first-generation transgenic (Tg) mouse models that overexpress proteins linked to familial AD (FAD), mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP), or APP and presenilin (PS). These mice exhibit AD pathology, but the overexpression paradigm may cause additional phenotypes unrelated to AD Second-generation mouse models contain humanized sequences and clinical mutations in the endogenous mouse App gene. These mice show Aβ accumulation without phenotypes related to overexpression but are not yet a clinical recapitulation of human AD In this review, we evaluate different APP mouse models of AD, and review recent studies using the second-generation mice. We advise AD researchers to consider the comparative strengths and limitations of each model against the scientific and therapeutic goal of a prospective preclinical study.

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Citations
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Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer's disease progression.

TL;DR: GV-971, a sodium oligomannate that has demonstrated solid and consistent cognition improvement in a phase 3 clinical trial in China, suppresses gut dysbiosis and the associated phenylalanine/isoleucine accumulation, harnesses neuroinflammation and reverses the cognition impairment.
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The Amyloid-β Oligomer Hypothesis: Beginning of the Third Decade

TL;DR: If the momentum of AβO research continues, particularly efforts to elucidate key aspects of structure, a clear path to a successful disease modifying therapy can be envisioned, and lessons learned from recent, late-stage clinical failures are applied appropriately throughout therapeutic development will further enable the likelihood of a successful therapy in the near-term.
Book ChapterDOI

Mutation of the Alzheimer’s disease amyloid gene in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage, Dutch type. The role of amyloid in dementia and stroke

TL;DR: Cloning and sequencing of the two exons that encode the amyloid protein from two patients with this amyloidsosis revealed a cytosine-to-guanine transversion, a mutation that caused a single amino acid substitution (glutamine instead of glutamic acid) at position 22 of the ameloid protein.
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The role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in brain health and disease

TL;DR: A possible link between the physiological functions of adult-born neurons and their roles in pathological conditions is reviewed.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease.

TL;DR: A locus segregating with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been mapped to chromosome 21, close to the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene as discussed by the authors, which suggests that some cases of AD could be caused by mutations in the APP gene.
Journal ArticleDOI

Correlative Memory Deficits, Aβ Elevation, and Amyloid Plaques in Transgenic Mice

TL;DR: Transgenic mice overexpressing the 695-amino acid isoform of human Alzheimer β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein containing a Lys670 → Asn, Met671 → Leu mutation had normal learning and memory but showed impairment by 9 to 10 months of age.

Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial alzheimers-disease

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that in this kindred, which shows linkage to chromosome 21 markers, there is a point mutation in the APP gene that causes an amino-acid substitution close to the carboxy terminus of the β-amyloid peptide.
Journal ArticleDOI

The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years

TL;DR: In a recent study, this article showed that low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42 and amyloid-PET positivity precede other AD manifestations by many years.
Journal ArticleDOI

Triple-Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Plaques and Tangles: Intracellular Aβ and Synaptic Dysfunction

TL;DR: The recapitulation of salient features of AD in these mice clarifies the relationships between Abeta, synaptic dysfunction, and tangles and provides a valuable model for evaluating potential AD therapeutics as the impact on both lesions can be assessed.
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