Inequalities in Life Expectancy Among US Counties, 1980 to 2014: Temporal Trends and Key Drivers
Laura Dwyer-Lindgren,Amelia Bertozzi-Villa,Rebecca W. Stubbs,Chloe Morozoff,Johan P. Mackenbach,Frank J. van Lenthe,Ali H. Mokdad,Christopher J L Murray +7 more
TLDR
Much of the variation in life expectancy among counties can be explained by a combination of socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors, behavioral and metabolic risk factors, and health care factors.Abstract:
Importance Examining life expectancy by county allows for tracking geographic disparities over time and assessing factors related to these disparities. This information is potentially useful for policy makers, clinicians, and researchers seeking to reduce disparities and increase longevity. Objective To estimate annual life tables by county from 1980 to 2014; describe trends in geographic inequalities in life expectancy and age-specific risk of death; and assess the proportion of variation in life expectancy explained by variation in socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors, behavioral and metabolic risk factors, and health care factors. Design, Setting, and Participants Annual county-level life tables were constructed using small area estimation methods from deidentified death records from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and population counts from the US Census Bureau, NCHS, and the Human Mortality Database. Measures of geographic inequality in life expectancy and age-specific mortality risk were calculated. Principal component analysis and ordinary least squares regression were used to examine the county-level association between life expectancy and socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors, behavioral and metabolic risk factors, and health care factors. Exposures County of residence. Main Outcomes and Measures Life expectancy at birth and age-specific mortality risk. Results Counties were combined as needed to create stable units of analysis over the period 1980 to 2014, reducing the number of areas analyzed from 3142 to 3110. In 2014, life expectancy at birth for both sexes combined was 79.1 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 79.0-79.1) years overall, but differed by 20.1 (95% UI, 19.1-21.3) years between the counties with the lowest and highest life expectancy. Absolute geographic inequality in life expectancy increased between 1980 and 2014. Over the same period, absolute geographic inequality in the risk of death decreased among children and adolescents, but increased among older adults. Socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors, behavioral and metabolic risk factors, and health care factors explained 60%, 74%, and 27% of county-level variation in life expectancy, respectively. Combined, these factors explained 74% of this variation. Most of the association between socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors and life expectancy was mediated through behavioral and metabolic risk factors. Conclusions and Relevance Geographic disparities in life expectancy among US counties are large and increasing. Much of the variation in life expectancy among counties can be explained by a combination of socioeconomic and race/ethnicity factors, behavioral and metabolic risk factors, and health care factors. Policy action targeting socioeconomic factors and behavioral and metabolic risk factors may help reverse the trend of increasing disparities in life expectancy in the United States.read more
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Santos,João Vasco Santos,Milena M Santric Milicevic,Bruno Piassi Sao Jose,Mayank Sardana,Abdur Razzaque Sarker,Nizal Sarrafzadegan,Benn Sartorius,Shahabeddin Sarvi,Brijesh Sathian,Maheswar Satpathy,Miloje Savic,Arundhati R. Sawant,Monika Sawhney,Sonia Saxena,Mehdi Sayyah,Vinod Scaria,Elke Schaeffner,Kathryn Schelonka,Maria Inês Schmidt,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Ben Schöttker,Aletta E. Schutte,David C. Schwebel,Falk Schwendicke,James Scott,Mario Šekerija,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Edson Serván-Mori,Hosein Shabaninejad,Katya Anne Shackelford,Azadeh Shafieesabet,Amira Shaheen,Masood Ali Shaikh,Raad Shakir,Mehran Shams-Beyranvand,MohammadBagher Shamsi,Morteza Shamsizadeh,Heidar Sharafi,Kiomars Sharafi,Mehdi Sharif,Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini,Meenakshi Sharma,Jayendra Sharma,Rajesh Sharma,Jun She,Aziz Sheikh,Kevin N. Sheth,Peilin Shi,Kenji Shibuya,Girma Temam Shifa,Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw,Mika Shigematsu,Rahman Shiri,Reza Shirkoohi,Ivy Shiue,Farhad Shokraneh,Mark G. Shrime,Sharvari Rahul Shukla,Si Si,Soraya Siabani,Tariq Jamal Siddiqi,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir,Naris Silpakit,Diego Augusto Santos Silva,João Pedro Silva,Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira,Narayana Sarma V. Singam,Jasvinder A. Singh,Virendra Singh,Anju Sinha,Dhirendra N Sinha,Freddy Sitas,Vegard Skirbekk,Karen Sliwa,Adauto Martins Soares Filho,Badr Hasan Sobaih,Soheila Sobhani,Moslem Soofi,Joan B. Soriano,Ireneous N. Soyiri,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Vinay Srinivasan,Rakesh Kumar Srivastava,Vladimir I. Starodubov,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Nicholas Steel,Dan J. Stein,Caitlyn Steiner,Leo G. Stewart,Mark A. Stokes,Agus Sudaryanto,Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan,Gerhard Sulo,Bruno F. Sunguya,Patrick J Sur,Ipsita Sutradhar,Bryan L. Sykes,P N Sylaja,Dillon O Sylte,Cassandra Szoeke,Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos,Takahiro Tabuchi,Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla,Ken Takahashi,Nikhil Tandon,Aberash Abay Tassew,Segen Gebremeskel Tassew,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Nuno Taveira,Nega Yimer Tawye,Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi,Tigist Gashaw Tekalign,Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle,Habtamu Temesgen,Mohamad-Hani Temsah,Omar Temsah,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Manaye Yihune Teshale,Belay Tessema,Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin,Jarnail Singh Thakur,Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan,Sathish Thirunavukkarasu,Laura A. Thomas,Nihal Thomas,Amanda G. Thrift,Binyam Tilahun,Quyen G. To,Ruoyan Tobe-Gai,Marcello Tonelli,Roman Topor-Madry,Fotis Topouzis,Anna E. Torre,Miguel Tortajada-Girbés,Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Bach Xuan Tran,Khanh Bao Tran,Suryakant Tripathi,Srikanth Tripathy,Thomas Truelsen,Nu Thi Truong,Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik,Nikolaos Tsilimparis,Lorainne Tudor Car,E. Murat Tuzcu,Stefanos Tyrovolas,Kingsley N. 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TL;DR: Copyright (©) 1999–2012 R Foundation for Statistical Computing; permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved on all copies.
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Olusanya,Jacob Olusegun Olusanya,John Nelson Opio,Eyal Oren,Alberto Ortiz,Majdi Osman,Erika Ota,Raziye Özdemir,Mahesh Pa,Amanda W Pain,Jeyaraj D Pandian,Puspa Raj Pant,Christina Papachristou,Eun-Kee Park,Jae-Hyun Park,Charles D. H. Parry,Mahboubeh Parsaeian,Angel J Paternina Caicedo,Angel J Paternina Caicedo,Scott B. Patten,George C Patton,Vinod K. Paul,Neil Pearce,João Mário Pedro,Ljiljana Pejin Stokic,David M. Pereira,Norberto Perico,Konrad Pesudovs,Max Petzold,Max Petzold,Michael R. Phillips,Michael R. Phillips,Frédéric B. Piel,Julian David Pillay,Dietrich Plass,James A Platts-Mills,Suzanne Polinder,C. Arden Pope,Svetlana Popova,Richie G Poulton,Farshad Pourmalek,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Mostafa Qorbani,Justice Quame-Amaglo,D Alex Quistberg,D Alex Quistberg,Anwar Rafay,Kazem Rahimi,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar,Mahfuzar Rahman,Mahfuzar Rahman,Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman,Sajjad Ur Rahman,Rajesh Kumar Rai,Zhale Rajavi,Sasa Rajsic,Murugesan Raju,Ivo Rakovac,Saleem M Rana,Chhabi Lal Ranabhat,Thara Rangaswamy,Puja Rao,Sowmya R. Rao,Amany H Refaat,Amany H Refaat,Jürgen Rehm,Jürgen Rehm,Marissa B Reitsma,Giuseppe Remuzzi,Serge Resnikoff,Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro,Stefano Ricci,Maria Jesus Rios Blancas,Bayard Roberts,Anna Roca,David Rojas-Rueda,Luca Ronfani,Gholamreza Roshandel,Gholamreza Roshandel,Dietrich Rothenbacher,Ambuj Roy,Nawal K Roy,George Mugambage Ruhago,Rajesh Sagar,Sukanta Saha,Ramesh Sahathevan,Muhammad Muhammad Saleh,Juan Sanabria,Juan Sanabria,Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño,Lidia Sanchez-Riera,Itamar S. Santos,Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez,Benn Sartorius,Maheswar Satpathy,Miloje Savic,Monika Sawhney,Michael Schaub,Maria Inês Schmidt,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Ben Schöttker,Aletta E. Schutte,Aletta E. Schutte,David C. Schwebel,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G. Sepanlou,Edson Serván-Mori,Katya Anne Shackelford,Gavin Shaddick,Amira Shaheen,Saeid Shahraz,Masood Ali Shaikh,Marina Shakh-Nazarova,Rajesh Sharma,Jun She,Sara Sheikhbahaei,Jiabin Shen,Jiabin Shen,Ziyan Shen,Donald S. Shepard,Kevin N. Sheth,Balakrishna P Shetty,Peilin Shi,Kenji Shibuya,Min-Jeong Shin,Rahman Shiri,Ivy Shiue,Ivy Shiue,Mark G. Shrime,Inga Dora Sigfusdottir,Donald H. Silberberg,Diego Augusto Santos Silva,Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira,Jonathan I. Silverberg,Edgar P. Simard,Abhishek Singh,Gitanjali M. Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,Om Prakash Singh,Prashant Singh,Virendra Singh,Samir Soneji,Kjetil Søreide,Joan B. Soriano,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Dan J. Stein,Dan J. Stein,Murray B. Stein,Saverio Stranges,Konstantinos Stroumpoulis,Bruno F. Sunguya,Patrick J Sur,Soumya Swaminathan,Bryan L. Sykes,Cassandra Szoeke,Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos,Karen M. Tabb,Ken Takahashi,Jukka S Takala,Roberto Tchio Talongwa,Nikhil Tandon,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Bineyam Taye,Hugh R. Taylor,Braden Te Ao,Bemnet Amare Tedla,Bemnet Amare Tedla,Worku Tefera,Margreet ten Have,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Fisaha Haile Tesfay,Fisaha Haile Tesfay,Gizachew Assefa Tessema,Gizachew Assefa Tessema,Alan J Thomson,Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman,Amanda G. Thrift,George D Thurston,Taavi Tillmann,David L. Tirschwell,Marcello Tonelli,Roman Topor-Madry,Roman Topor-Madry,Fotis Topouzis,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Jefferson Traebert,Bach Xuan Tran,Bach Xuan Tran,Thomas Truelsen,Ulises Trujillo,Abera Kenay Tura,Emin Murat Tuzcu,Uche S. Uchendu,Kingsley N. Ukwaja,Eduardo A. Undurraga,Olalekan A. Uthman,Rita Van Dingenen,Aaron van Donkelaar,Aaron van Donkelaar,Tommi Vasankari,Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Ramesh Vidavalur,Lakshmi Vijayakumar,Salvador Villalpando,Francesco Saverio Violante,Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov,Joseph A Wagner,Gregory R Wagner,Mitchell T. Wallin,Linhong Wang,David A Watkins,David A Watkins,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G. Weintraub,Robert G. Weintraub,Andrea Werdecker,Ronny Westerman,Richard A. White,Tissa Wijeratne,Tissa Wijeratne,James D. Wilkinson,James D. Wilkinson,Hywel C Williams,Charles Shey Wiysonge,Charles Shey Wiysonge,Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes,Charles D.A. Wolfe,Sungho Won,John Q. Wong,Anthony D. Woolf,Denis Xavier,Qingyang Xiao,Gelin Xu,Bereket Yakob,Ayalnesh Zemene Yalew,Lijing L Yan,Yuichiro Yano,Mehdi Yaseri,Pengpeng Ye,Henock Yebyo,Henock Yebyo,Paul S. F. Yip,Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw,Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw,Naohiro Yonemoto,Gerald Yonga,Mustafa Z. Younis,Shicheng Yu,Zoubida Zaidi,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Faiez Zannad,Diego E Zavala,Hajo Zeeb,Berihun M. Zeleke,Berihun M. Zeleke,Hao Zhang,Sanjay Zodpey,David Zonies,Liesl Zühlke,Theo Vos,Alan D. Lopez,Alan D. Lopez,Christopher J L Murray +844 more
TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015, finding several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS.
Journal ArticleDOI
The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors
Christopher J L Murray,Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham,Mohammed K. Ali,Miriam Alvarado,Charles Atkinson,Larry M. Baddour,David Bartels,Emelia J. Benjamin,Kavi Bhalla,Gretchen L. Birbeck,Ian Bolliger,Roy Burstein,Emily Carnahan,Honglei Chen,David Chou,Sumeet S. Chugh,Aaron Cohen,K. Ellicott Colson,Leslie T. Cooper,William G. Couser,Michael H. Criqui,Kaustubh Dabhadkar,Nabila Dahodwala,Goodarz Danaei,Robert P. Dellavalle,Don C. Des Jarlais,Daniel Dicker,Eric L. Ding,E. Ray Dorsey,Herbert C. Duber,Beth E. Ebel,Rebecca E. Engell,Majid Ezzati,David T. Felson,Mariel M. Finucane,Seth Flaxman,Abraham D. Flaxman,Thomas D. Fleming,Mohammad H. Forouzanfar,Greg Freedman,Michael Freeman,Sherine E. Gabriel,Emmanuela Gakidou,Richard F. Gillum,Diego Gonzalez-Medina,Richard A. Gosselin,Bridget F. Grant,Hialy R. Gutierrez,Holly Hagan,Rasmus Havmoeller,Rasmus Havmoeller,Howard J. Hoffman,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Spencer L. James,Rashmi Jasrasaria,Sudha Jayaraman,Nicole E. Johns,Nicholas J Kassebaum,Shahab Khatibzadeh,Lisa M. Knowlton,Qing Lan,Janet L Leasher,Stephen S Lim,John K Lin,Steven E. Lipshultz,Stephanie J. London,Rafael Lozano,Yuan Lu,Michael F. Macintyre,Leslie Mallinger,Mary M. McDermott,Michele Meltzer,George A. Mensah,Catherine Michaud,Ted R. Miller,Charles Mock,Terrie E. Moffitt,Ali A. Mokdad,Ali H. Mokdad,Andrew E. Moran,Dariush Mozaffarian,Dariush Mozaffarian,Tasha B. Murphy,Mohsen Naghavi,K.M. Venkat Narayan,Robert G. Nelson,Casey Olives,Saad B. Omer,Katrina F Ortblad,Bart Ostro,Pamela M. Pelizzari,David Phillips,C. Arden Pope,Murugesan Raju,Dharani Ranganathan,Homie Razavi,Beate Ritz,Frederick P. Rivara,Thomas Roberts,Ralph L. Sacco,Joshua A. Salomon,Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson,Ella Sanman,Amir Sapkota,David C. Schwebel,Saeid Shahraz,Kenji Shibuya,Rupak Shivakoti,Donald H. Silberberg,Gitanjali M Singh,David Singh,Jasvinder A. Singh,David A. Sleet,Kyle Steenland,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Jennifer A. Taylor,George D. Thurston,Jeffrey A. Towbin,Monica S. Vavilala,Theo Vos,Gregory R. Wagner,Martin A. Weinstock,Marc G. Weisskopf,James D. Wilkinson,Sarah Wulf,Azadeh Zabetian,Alan D. Lopez +126 more
TL;DR: To measure the burden of diseases, injuries, and leading risk factors in the United States from 1990 to 2010 and to compare these measurements with those of the 34 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), systematic analysis of descriptive epidemiology was used.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century.
Anne Case,Angus Deaton +1 more
TL;DR: A marked increase in the all-cause mortality of middle-aged white non-Hispanic men and women in the United States between 1999 and 2013 reversed decades of progress in mortality and was unique to the United United States; no other rich country saw a similar turnaround.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014
Raj Chetty,Michael Stepner,Sarah Abraham,Shelby Lin,Benjamin Scuderi,Nicholas Turner,Augustin Bergeron,David M. Cutler +7 more
TL;DR: In the United States between 2001 and 2014, higher income was associated with greater longevity, and differences in life expectancy across income groups increased over time, however, the association between life expectancy and income varied substantially across areas; differences in longevity acrossincome groups decreased in some areas and increased in others.
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Ali H. Mokdad,Katherine Ballestros,Michelle Echko,Scott D Glenn,Helen E Olsen,Erin C Mullany,Alexander Lee,Abdur Rahman Khan,Alireza Ahmadi,Alireza Ahmadi,Alize J. Ferrari,Alize J. Ferrari,Alize J. Ferrari,Amir Kasaeian,Andrea Werdecker,Austin Carter,Ben Zipkin,Benn Sartorius,Benn Sartorius,Berrin Serdar,Bryan L. Sykes,Christopher Troeger,Christina Fitzmaurice,Christina Fitzmaurice,Colin D. Rehm,Damian Santomauro,Damian Santomauro,Damian Santomauro,Daniel Kim,Danny V. Colombara,David C. Schwebel,Derrick Tsoi,Dhaval Kolte,Elaine O. Nsoesie,Emma Nichols,Eyal Oren,Fiona J Charlson,Fiona J Charlson,Fiona J Charlson,George C Patton,Gregory A. Roth,H. Dean Hosgood,Harvey Whiteford,Harvey Whiteford,Harvey Whiteford,Hmwe H Kyu,Holly E. Erskine,Holly E. Erskine,Holly E. Erskine,Hsiang Huang,Ira Martopullo,Jasvinder A. Singh,Jean B. Nachega,Jean B. Nachega,Jean B. Nachega,Juan Sanabria,Juan Sanabria,Kaja Abbas,Kanyin Ong,Karen M. Tabb,Kristopher J. Krohn,Leslie Cornaby,Louisa Degenhardt,Louisa Degenhardt,Mark Moses,Maryam S. Farvid,Max Griswold,Michael H. Criqui,Michelle L. Bell,Minh Nguyen,Mitch T Wallin,Mitch T Wallin,Mojde Mirarefin,Mostafa Qorbani,Mustafa Z. Younis,Nancy Fullman,Patrick Liu,Paul S Briant,Philimon Gona,Rasmus Havmoller,Ricky Leung,Ruth W Kimokoti,Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi,Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi,Simon I. Hay,Simon I. Hay,Simon Yadgir,Stan Biryukov,Stein Emil Vollset,Stein Emil Vollset,Tahiya Alam,Tahvi Frank,Talha Farid,Ted R. Miller,Ted R. Miller,Theo Vos,Till Bärnighausen,Till Bärnighausen,Tsegaye Telwelde Gebrehiwot,Yuichiro Yano,Ziyad Al-Aly,Alem Mehari,Alexis J. Handal,Amit Kandel,Ben Anderson,Brian J. Biroscak,Brian J. Biroscak,Dariush Mozaffarian,E. Ray Dorsey,Eric L. Ding,Eun-Kee Park,Gregory R. Wagner,Guoqing Hu,Honglei Chen,Jacob E. Sunshine,Jagdish Khubchandani,Janet L Leasher,Janni Leung,Janni Leung,Joshua A. Salomon,Jürgen Unützer,Leah E. Cahill,Leah E. Cahill,Leslie T. Cooper,Masako Horino,Michael Brauer,Michael Brauer,Nicholas J K Breitborde,Peter J. Hotez,Roman Topor-Madry,Roman Topor-Madry,Samir Soneji,Saverio Stranges,Spencer L. James,Stephen M. Amrock,Sudha Jayaraman,Tejas V. Patel,Tomi Akinyemiju,Vegard Skirbekk,Vegard Skirbekk,Yohannes Kinfu,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Jost B. Jonas,Christopher J L Murray +143 more