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Glycobiology of cell death: when glycans and lectins govern cell fate.

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TLDR
The role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings is reviewed.
Abstract
Although one typically thinks of carbohydrates as associated with cell growth and viability, glycosylation also has an integral role in many processes leading to cell death. Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Lorenzo Galluzzi, +186 more
TL;DR: The Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives.
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Hallmarks of glycosylation in cancer

TL;DR: How glycosylation is clearly an enabling characteristic that is causally associated with the acquisition of all the hallmark capabilities is discussed, which indicates that glycans play a role in every recognised cancer hallmark.
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Protein Glycosylation and Tumor Microenvironment Alterations Driving Cancer Hallmarks.

TL;DR: Focus is set on the pressing need to include glycans and glycoconjugates in comprehensive panomics models envisaging molecular-based precision medicine capable of improving patient care and the transversal nature of glycans throughout the currently accepted cancer hallmarks.
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Galectins and Immune Responses—Just How Do They Do Those Things They Do?

TL;DR: Galectins are a family of mammalian carbohydrate-binding proteins expressed by many cell types that bind to immune cells to regulate immune responses and can function intracellularly and can also be secreted to bind to cell surface glycoconjugate counterreceptors.
Journal ArticleDOI

Glycosylation of extracellular vesicles: current knowledge, tools and clinical perspectives

TL;DR: This review outlines the major glycomics techniques that have been applied to EVs in the context of the recent findings and provides opportunities by which to engineer EVs for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics.

TL;DR: Apoptosis seems to be involved in cell turnover in many healthy adult tissues and is responsible for focal elimination of cells during normal embryonic development, and participates in at least some types of therapeutically induced tumour regression.
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Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programed cell death

TL;DR: Overexpressed Bax accelerates apoptotic death induced by cytokine deprivation in an IL-3-dependent cell line and counters the death repressor activity of B cl-2, suggesting a model in which the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax determines survival or death following an apoptotic stimulus.
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Self-eating and self-killing: crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis

TL;DR: The functional relationship between apoptosis and autophagy is complex in the sense that, under certain circumstances,autophagy constitutes a stress adaptation that avoids cell death (and suppresses apoptosis), whereas in other cellular settings, it constitutes an alternative cell-death pathway.
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The Tim-3 ligand galectin-9 negatively regulates T helper type 1 immunity

TL;DR: The data suggest that the Tim-3–galectin-9 pathway may have evolved to ensure effective termination of effector TH1 cells.
Journal ArticleDOI

Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes

TL;DR: Results indicate that milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 secreted from activated macrophages binds to apoptotic cells, and brings them to phagocytes for engulfment.
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