Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
Citations
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Capillary electrophoresis applied for the determination of acidity constants and limiting electrophoretic mobilities of ionizable herbicides including glyphosate and its metabolites and for their simultaneous separation.
TL;DR: Thermodynamic acidity constants and limiting ionic mobilities were determined for polyprotic non-chromophore analytes using CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection and the separation of glyphosate from interfering components like phosphate in beer samples was possible.
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Eucalyptus Are Unlikely to Escape Plantations and Invade Surrounding Forests Managed with Prescribed Fire in Southeastern US
TL;DR: Low germination rates under a variety of field conditions coupled with the lack of persistence suggests establishment of Eucalyptus in surrounding pine forests managed with fire may be unlikely, regardless of the surrounding land matrix.
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Phosphate addition enhances alkaline extraction of glyphosate from highly sorptive soils and aquatic sediments.
TL;DR: In this article, a new extraction method combined with subsequent capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for derivatization-free analysis of glyphosate and AMPA in soil and sediment was developed and applied to a suite of environmental samples.
Dissertation
Characterising occupational exposure to glyphosate among amenity horticulturists
TL;DR: Occupational glyphosate exposures among amenity horticulturalists are higher than expected from environmental exposure alone and comparable with agricultural studies.
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Can Indirect Herbicide Exposure Modify the Response of the Colorado Potato Beetle to an Organophosphate Insecticide
TL;DR: It is found that indirect GBH exposure can have both antagonistic and synergistic effects in combination with an insecticide, which should be considered when aiming for an ecologically relevant risk assessment of multiple human-induced stressors.
References
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Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
John Peterson Myers,Michael Antoniou,Bruce Blumberg,Lynn Carroll,Theo Colborn,Lorne G. Everett,Michael Hansen,Philip J. Landrigan,Bruce P. Lanphear,Robin Mesnage,Laura N. Vandenberg,Frederick S. vom Saal,Wade V. Welshons,Charles Benbrook +13 more
TL;DR: GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions and regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science.