Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
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Occurrence and environmental risk assessment of 22 pesticides in Brazilian freshwaters.
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated the occurrence of 22 pesticides (2,4 D, alachlor, aldicarb, atrazine, carbendazim, carbofuran, chlordane, chlorpyrifos, DDT, diuron, glyphosate, lindane, mancozeb, methamidophos, metolachlorin, molinate, profenofos, simazine, tebuconazole, terbufos, and trifluralin) in surface freshwaters of Brazil.
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Conducting evaluations of evidence that are transparent, timely and can lead to health-protective actions
Nicholas Chartres,Jennifer Sass,David Gee,Simona A. Balan,Linda S. Birnbaum,Vincent Cogliano,Courtney M. Cooper,Kristi Pullen Fedinick,Roy M. Harrison,Marike Kolossa-Gehring,Daniele Mandrioli,Mark Mitchell,Susan L Norris,Christopher J. Portier,Kurt Straif,Theo Vermeire +15 more
TL;DR: In this article , over one hundred scientists and policy experts participated in a web-based workshop to discuss the ways that divergent evaluations of evidence and scientific uncertainties are used to delay timely protection of human health and the environment from exposures to hazardous agents.
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Discrepancies in rhizobacterial assembly caused by glyphosate application and herbicide-tolerant soybean Co-expressing GAT and EPSPS.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors used 16-s rDNA amplicon sequencing to examine changes in the bacterial community in the rhizosphere of GMHT soybean (Z106) harboring 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase and Glyphosate N-acetyltransferase genes and treated with glyphosate.
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Evaluation of perinatal exposure effects to the endocrine disrupting herbicide glyphosate and its mixture with 2,4-D and dicamba οn liver redox status in Wistar rats.
P. Nechalioti,T. Karampatzakis,Robin Mesnage,Michael Antoniou,Mariam Ibragim,Aristidis Tsatsakis,Anca Oana Docea,Charitini Nepka,Demetrios Kouretas +8 more
TL;DR: In this article , the authors evaluated hepatotoxic effects following perinatal exposure to glyphosate alone or in combination with 2,4-D and dicamba from gestational day-6 until adulthood in Wistar rats.
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Yeast of Eden: microbial resistance to glyphosate from a yeast perspective.
TL;DR: Glyphosate resistance is increasing in non-target organisms as discussed by the authors due to genetic variation and mutations in an amino transporter affecting glyphosate resistance have uncovered potential off-target effects of glyphosate in fungi and bacteria.
References
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Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
John Peterson Myers,Michael Antoniou,Bruce Blumberg,Lynn Carroll,Theo Colborn,Lorne G. Everett,Michael Hansen,Philip J. Landrigan,Bruce P. Lanphear,Robin Mesnage,Laura N. Vandenberg,Frederick S. vom Saal,Wade V. Welshons,Charles Benbrook +13 more
TL;DR: GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions and regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science.