Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
TLDR
Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts, according to published global pesticide use data.Abstract:
Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974–2014 in the United States, and from 1994–2014 globally. Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called “Roundup Ready,” genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.read more
Citations
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Evolutionary epidemiology predicts the emergence of glyphosate resistance in a major agricultural weed.
David Comont,Helen L. Hicks,Laura Crook,R. I. Hull,Elise Cocciantelli,Jarrod D. Hadfield,Dylan Z. Childs,Robert P. Freckleton,Paul Neve +8 more
TL;DR: A national-scale study that combines population monitoring, glyphosate sensitivity assays, quantitative genetics and epidemiological analyses to pro-actively identify the prerequisites for adaptive evolution to the world's most widely used herbicide in a major, economically damaging weed species.
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Global research production in glyphosate intoxication from 1978 to 2015: A bibliometric analysis:
TL;DR: The trends in global glyphosate-related research between 1978 and 2015 were evaluated by a bibliometric technique and showed that number of research publications related to glyphosate intoxication increased significantly in the last decade.
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Low concentrations of fertilizer and herbicide alter plant growth and interactions with flower-visiting insects
TL;DR: There are direct and indirect effects of agrochemical exposure on plants in field margins, and that these effects change the interactions between ruderal plants and flower-visiting insects.
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Male mammary gland development and methylation status of estrogen receptor alpha in Wistar rats are modified by the developmental exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide.
Ayelen L. Gomez,Gabriela A. Altamirano,Jorgelina Leturia,Verónica L. Bosquiazzo,Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro,Laura Kass +5 more
TL;DR: Results show that developmental exposure to GBH induces epigenetic changes in ESR1, which could be responsible for the altered male mammary gland development observed in GBH350-exposed animals.
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Viewing evidence of harm accompanying uses of glyphosate-based herbicides under US legal requirements
TL;DR: Some epidemiological experts feel there is sufficient proof that glyphosate use adversely affects human health, and glyphosate has been labeled as probably carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
References
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Concerns over use of glyphosate-based herbicides and risks associated with exposures: a consensus statement
John Peterson Myers,Michael Antoniou,Bruce Blumberg,Lynn Carroll,Theo Colborn,Lorne G. Everett,Michael Hansen,Philip J. Landrigan,Bruce P. Lanphear,Robin Mesnage,Laura N. Vandenberg,Frederick S. vom Saal,Wade V. Welshons,Charles Benbrook +13 more
TL;DR: GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions and regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science.